consumption of saturated FAs and trans-FAs may have adverse effects on lipid
and glucose homeostasis and evolution towards the MetS [31]. The mechanisms involved are (i) the accumulation of toxic diacylglycerol and ceramides, (ii) the activation of nuclear factor-κB, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinases which induce the expression of inflammatory genes in adipose tissue and immune cells, (iii) the decrease of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor (PPAR) α and adiponectin levels and consequent decreased oxidation of FA and glucose, and (iv) recruitment of immune cells in adipose tissue and muscle [32].