The first research question was focused on between-group differences in working memory outcomes.
When no statistical control for Dutch vocabulary and SES background was exerted, no differences
between the bilingual and monolingual children emerged. When statistically controlling for
Dutch vocabulary and SES background, we observed no overall difference at age 5 years between
the two groups. At age 6 years, an overall advantage for the bilinguals was found. The bilingual children
outperformed the monolingual children on one visuospatial working memory task (Dot Matrix)
and on one verbal working memory task (Backward Digit Recall), and a trend toward a bilingual
advantage was found for the second visuospatial working memory task (Odd-One-Out).