Other electrochemical systems based on nanomaterials include: an immunosensor based on a cerium oxide nanoparticle and chitosan nanocomposite which detects ochratoxin-A, a food-borne fungal contaminant ; detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B and cholera-toxin using silicon nanowire transistors and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), respectively; and detection and quantification of food colorants8 (Ponceau 4R and Allura Red in soft drinks and Sudan 1 in ketchup or chili powder) using CNTs and the concentration dependent intensity changes of the colorant-specific oxidation peaks.
Note that analytes are not limited to harmful substances: one study showed that CNT-based electrochemical detection in microfluidic devices can be used to measure antioxidant, flavor compound and vitamin content in vanilla beans and apples . Numerous other examples of electrochemical detection of various biomolecules using nanomaterials are provided in a recent review of the topic