2.1 Study area
The state of Punjab (Lat. 29º30 to 32º32´N and Long. 73º55 and 76º50´E) is located in the north-western part of India bordering Pakistan. .
The annual rainfall in Punjab is 435.6 mm and has a continental, semiarid to subhumid
climate with two main crop seasons Kharif (fall) and Rabi (spring).
Six villages were selected for sampling which are situated on the banks of rivers Beas and Sutlej.
The geographical coordinates, codes and studied crops in each village are given in Table 1 and Figure 1 shows the map of studied area.