p b 0.001), but not gender (β = −0.002, p = 0.994). Adjusting for age the non-smoking workers still had lower Cd concentrations in the urine (β = −0.027, p = 0.014). Among the non-smoking workers, the office workers had lower urinary concentrations of Cd compared to those in recycling workers (β = −0.010, p = 0.5); however, this difference was not statistically significant.