Mart´nez-Pizarro 2010, Tuir´ n & Avila 2013).ıa
In academic and political discussions around this kind of migration, the concept of “brain drain” has been abandoned (Pellegrino 2001) and replaced by the notion of “brain or talent circulation” (Meyer 2011). With this change of direction, the pessimism and concern around South–North emigration has been transformed into a rampant optimism that replaces the notion of loss with that of gain. This approach is supported by the assumption that knowledge is,in and of itself, beneficial for all and that contact with highly qualified expatriates abroad generates synergies that empower the development of the country of origin regardless of where,how, and for whom they work. Knowledge and research agendas are viewed as neutral,and similarly the question of intellectual property—i.e., the appropriation of the fruits
of scientific/technical labor—is underappreciated or simply ignored. Further, the euphoria surrounding the notion of “circulation of talent” and the creation of bridging programs with the “capable diasporas” depart from the assumption that innovation creates, through incubation processes, its own linkages with the productive, commercial, financial, and service
sectors.