a network
may not be very reliable or flexible, but may be resilient or
may be reliable or flexible, but not sufficiently resilient. Moreover,
the maximum resilience is obtained from taking both preparedness
and recovery options, and the more the budget is spent on preparedness
options, the greater the benefits would be.
Disruptions are usually dealt with at the operational level, treated
by the costly last minute solutions. However, the impact of a
disruptive event and its aftermaths on the performance of a multimodal
transportation system is dramatic and might result in the
complete failure, especially in a large-scale international scope.
Reflecting reliability and resilience into the tactical planning shows
great improvement in the operations, implying that designing suitable
pre-disaster and post-disaster actions requires further
attention.