Classical economists, particularly Smith and J. S. Mill, agreed that market forces did not work perfectly but maintained that the market worked better than the alternatives. With the exception of Thomas Malthus, from 1800 through 1930 the analysis of business cycles was left to heterodox and nonmainstream economists such as Karl Marx, Mikhail Tugan-Baranowsky, and J. A. Hobson. The classical conviction that markets could be relied upon to control the economy shifted the focus of economic inquiry from monetary and financial forces to real forces, and the classical analysis of macroeconomic issues generally accepted a dichotomy between real and nominal forces