Table of Contents
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4
International normative frameworks ............................................................................................... 5
Concepts and definitions ................................................................................................................. 7
Literature review approach ........................................................................................................... 10
Literature review ........................................................................................................................... 11
Theories and approaches ........................................................................................................... 11
Bi/Multilingual program models............................................................................................... 18
Particularities of mother tongue-based bi/multilingual education in the early years .................... 36
Challenges and obstacles .............................................................................................................. 43
Good practice and lessons learned ................................................................................................ 45
Recommendations for UNESCO policy guidelines ...................................................................... 50
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 57
Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 60
References ..................................................................................................................................... 69
Footnotes ....................................................................................................................................... 92