Extensions to the balanced scorecard to incorporate environmental performance
measures have also been significantly advanced (Epstein and Wisner, 2001; Zingales
et al., 2002). Examples of the environmental metrics definition into categorizations as
defined by the balanced scorecard approach are shown in Table I. The US
Environmental Protection Agency identified the balanced scorecard approach as their
chosen methodology for deploying strategic direction, communicating expectations,
and measuring progress towards agreed-to objectives (Kanji, 2003). Brewer and Speh
(2001) extended the balanced scorecard approach and linked it to general (rather than
green) supply chain management. Thus, this approach may prove promising if
effectively implemented and agreed upon by organizations and could fit within a
GCSM/PMS design as related to ISO 14031 requirements.
A robust quantitatively focused benchmarking and performance measurement
tool called data envelopment analysis relies on the evaluation of the relative
efficiency of units characterized by multiple inputs and outputs (Charnes et al.,
1978). Data envelopment analysis mathematical programming models are based on
inputs and outputs and are designed to be utilized as a tool for multiple criteria