containers from the ship board to the mobile yard truck. The yard trucks are usually available to receive containers
from the crane. However if no yard truck is available, the crane will have to wait for an empty yard truck. The yard
truck transports the containers to the container yard or the storage area and parks in the assigned isle and waits for
processing. An RTG transfers the container from the truck to the stack of containers. This process continues for
several hours or a day until the ship is emptied from all the containers that must be unloaded. After unloading the
ship, the loading process begins and follows the same steps explained earlier but in a reversed way; the RTG
transfers container from the container stack onto the yard truck, which travels to the ship, and lastly the crane
transfers the container from the yard truck to the ship until the ship is loaded with all the assigned containers
before setting sail and departing the port.
The process of arriving containers from land is done through trucks or rail. When a train arrives, it stops
underneath an idle RTG which moves vertically above the train allowing some isle space for the yard truck to park.
The RTG then unloads the containers from the train to an idle yard truck. The yard truck then travels to the container
yard where another RTG unloads the containers from the yard truck to the container stack and the empty yard truck
travels back to the train unloading area to be loaded again. This process continues until the containers are unloaded
from the train before the train loading process starts. Loading the train follows similar steps like unloading but in a
reversed way. Yard trucks transfer containers from the container yard to the train loading area and the RTG loads
them to the train. This process continues until all the assigned containers are on the train and the train departs the
port.
For inbound trucks that bring containers, the handling process is a little different. Most arriving trucks come
loaded with a container to be transferred to the container yard. However, there is some percentage of arriving trucks
come empty, just to pick up containers and leave. Loaded trucks drive to the assigned container yard isle to be
unloaded after going through some security check points. An idle RTG would transfer the containers from the truck
to the stack of containers. The truck then either leaves empty or it drives to another container stack isle to receive
another outbound container from an RTG. Arriving empty trucks that come for a pick up simply follow the same
truck loading part mentioned above.
In this paper the port considered is a modern container terminal with a capacity of three berths and more than
3500 feet length s. The terminal is equipped with eight quay cranes, 26
RTGs and 30 yard trucks. The container yard, or storage area, is divided into ten zones with two RTGs per zone and
six RTGs are dedicated to the rail loading and unloading process. Such terminal is be able to handle around two
million TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit) a year.
2.2. Conceptual Model
After studying the real system and building an overall understanding of the on-going operations, a conceptual
model can be inferred and constructed. Entities moving within the simulation model include ships, trucks, trains and
containers. The resources in the model include quay cranes for loading and unloading, RTGs for stacking and
unloading, ship berths, and storage areas or container yard. The processes in the model are constructed based on the
operations that take place at the port including loading/unloading containers from sea or land and moving containers
to the container yard or around the port to another transportation mode. Fig 1 shows the flow chart of the port and
the processes involved.
The proposed simulation studies different scenarios regarding the number of cranes, RTG, and yard trucks to
understand their impact on the port progression. Furthermore, the simulation model is set up as a platform to study
the impact of customs and security check points on the port .
2.3. Data Collection
Data was collected from five different container sea ports and from different research studies ([2] [6] [8] [9] [10])
and works that have been conducted on port simulations in order to help create this generic simulation model. Data
collected can be categorized as follows:
containers from the ship board to the mobile yard truck. The yard trucks are usually available to receive containers
from the crane. However if no yard truck is available, the crane will have to wait for an empty yard truck. The yard
truck transports the containers to the container yard or the storage area and parks in the assigned isle and waits for
processing. An RTG transfers the container from the truck to the stack of containers. This process continues for
several hours or a day until the ship is emptied from all the containers that must be unloaded. After unloading the
ship, the loading process begins and follows the same steps explained earlier but in a reversed way; the RTG
transfers container from the container stack onto the yard truck, which travels to the ship, and lastly the crane
transfers the container from the yard truck to the ship until the ship is loaded with all the assigned containers
before setting sail and departing the port.
The process of arriving containers from land is done through trucks or rail. When a train arrives, it stops
underneath an idle RTG which moves vertically above the train allowing some isle space for the yard truck to park.
The RTG then unloads the containers from the train to an idle yard truck. The yard truck then travels to the container
yard where another RTG unloads the containers from the yard truck to the container stack and the empty yard truck
travels back to the train unloading area to be loaded again. This process continues until the containers are unloaded
from the train before the train loading process starts. Loading the train follows similar steps like unloading but in a
reversed way. Yard trucks transfer containers from the container yard to the train loading area and the RTG loads
them to the train. This process continues until all the assigned containers are on the train and the train departs the
port.
For inbound trucks that bring containers, the handling process is a little different. Most arriving trucks come
loaded with a container to be transferred to the container yard. However, there is some percentage of arriving trucks
come empty, just to pick up containers and leave. Loaded trucks drive to the assigned container yard isle to be
unloaded after going through some security check points. An idle RTG would transfer the containers from the truck
to the stack of containers. The truck then either leaves empty or it drives to another container stack isle to receive
another outbound container from an RTG. Arriving empty trucks that come for a pick up simply follow the same
truck loading part mentioned above.
In this paper the port considered is a modern container terminal with a capacity of three berths and more than
3500 feet length s. The terminal is equipped with eight quay cranes, 26
RTGs and 30 yard trucks. The container yard, or storage area, is divided into ten zones with two RTGs per zone and
six RTGs are dedicated to the rail loading and unloading process. Such terminal is be able to handle around two
million TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit) a year.
2.2. Conceptual Model
After studying the real system and building an overall understanding of the on-going operations, a conceptual
model can be inferred and constructed. Entities moving within the simulation model include ships, trucks, trains and
containers. The resources in the model include quay cranes for loading and unloading, RTGs for stacking and
unloading, ship berths, and storage areas or container yard. The processes in the model are constructed based on the
operations that take place at the port including loading/unloading containers from sea or land and moving containers
to the container yard or around the port to another transportation mode. Fig 1 shows the flow chart of the port and
the processes involved.
The proposed simulation studies different scenarios regarding the number of cranes, RTG, and yard trucks to
understand their impact on the port progression. Furthermore, the simulation model is set up as a platform to study
the impact of customs and security check points on the port .
2.3. Data Collection
Data was collected from five different container sea ports and from different research studies ([2] [6] [8] [9] [10])
and works that have been conducted on port simulations in order to help create this generic simulation model. Data
collected can be categorized as follows:
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