An analysis of the TSIP inventory revealed a total of 406 mining related waste sites. These sites were distributed as 131 ASGM sites with mercury as the dominant pollutant, 66 lead mining and secondary lead smelting sites, and a total of 209 general mining and ore processing sites. This latter category contained a significant number of sites where waste tailings and slag were the primary environmental health threat (i.e., total and hexavalent chromium in India). While only 86 sites (21 %) were defined as legacy (i.e., abandoned and no longer used), 256 sites were identified that contained both a legacy and active site portion of the waste site. Figure 1 presents the frequency of chemical agents found at the 406 mining sites in the TSIP. Interestingly, arsenic, lead, and mercury, all strongly associated with adverse health effects, comprise over 75 % of the environmental chemical risks at these sites. This result is likely due to the health bias associated with site selection. The prioritization scheme used by the ISS heavily weighs toxicity and human health exposure as a selection criterion as opposed to eco- logical risks. A total of 7.5 million people are estimated to be exposed at these 406 sites. The median population at risk from all pathways per site is 9,200 with a range of 100 to 400,000 people. Figure 2 presents the population at risk per key pollutant. As a component of the ISS, coordinators and/or in vestigators assessed a variety of environmental media, such as air, soil (residential, agricultural, and industrial), and water (drinking, bathing, irrigation, and fishing). Periodic sampling of blood, urine, and food was also implemented though not a priority. The dominant sampling media however were residential topsoil with a frequency of over 50 %. The usefulness of the ISS however rests in the assessment and reporting of exposure pathways. Table 2 lists each key pollutant and the dominant exposure pathway assessed. Such information may prove useful in designing environ- mental interventions that are tailored to minimizing health risks. Dust and soil dominated in exposure pathways.