2.2. Solid phase (DEM)
According to DEM, a particle in a system can have two types of motion: translational and rotational, determined by Newton’s second law of motion [9]. The forces acting on a particle include gravity, contact force, drag force and other force, such as the van der Waales force and the capillary force. For simplicity, they are not considered in this work. Therefore, the governing equations for particle i, at any time, t, can be expressed as follows:
2.2. Solid phase (DEM) According to DEM, a particle in a system can have two types of motion: translational and rotational, determined by Newton’s second law of motion [9]. The forces acting on a particle include gravity, contact force, drag force and other force, such as the van der Waales force and the capillary force. For simplicity, they are not considered in this work. Therefore, the governing equations for particle i, at any time, t, can be expressed as follows:
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