Chapter 2Literature Review2.1 Gener

Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 General knowledge of Moringa
The Moringaceae is a single-genus family of oilseed trees with 14 known species. Of these, Moringa oleifera, which ranges in height from 5 to 10 m, is the most widely known and utilized. M. oleifera, indigenous to sub-Himalayan regions of northwest India, Africa, Arabia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Caribbean Islands and South America, is now distributed in the Philippines, Cambodia and Central and North America. It thrives best in a tropical insular climate and is plentiful near the sandy beds of rivers and. The fast growing, drought-tolerant M. oleifera can tolerate poor soil, a wide rainfall range (25 to 300+ cm per year), and soil pH from 5.0 to 9.0. When fully mature, dried seeds are round or triangular shaped, and the kernel is surrounded by a lightly wooded shell with three papery wings. M. oleifera seeds contain between 33 and 41% w/w of vegetable oil, it has been investigated that the composition of M. oleifera, including its fatty acid profile and found that M. oleifera oil is high in oleic acid (>70%). M. oleifera is commercially known as ‘‘ben oil” or ‘‘behen oil”, due to its content of behenic (docosanoic) acid, possesses significant resistance to oxidative degradation, and has been extensively used in the enfleurage process. M. oleifera has many medicinal uses and has significant nutritional value. A recent experiment conducted on 12 indigenous (India) plant-derived non-traditional oils concluded that M. oleifera oil, among others, has good potential for biodiesel production. The seeds contain around 30–40% of oil, which has been identified as a source of bio-fuel and has medicinal value.

Table 1 : BOTANY
Botany: Moringa oleifera
Genus: Moringa
Family: Moringaceae
Common Names: Drumstick Tree, Miracle Tree, Kelor, Horseradish Tree, Ben Oil Tree, Malunggay. etc.







Description
Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a multipurpose tropical tree. It is mainly used for food and has numerous industrial, medicinal and agricultural uses, including animal feeding. Nutritious, fast-growing and drought-tolerant, this traditional plant was rediscovered in the 1990s and its cultivation has since become increasingly popular in Asia and Africa, where it is among the most economically valuable crops. It has been dubbed the "miracle tree" or "tree of life" in popular media (FAO, 2014; Radovich, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004).
Morphology
Moringa is a slender softwood tree that branches freely, and can be extremely fast growing. Although it can reach heights in excess of 10 m (33 ft), it is generally considered a small- to medium-size tree. Tripinnate compound leaves are feathery with green to dark green elliptical leaflets 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) long. The tree is often mistaken for a legume because of its leaves. Conspicuous, lightly fragrant flowers are borne on inflorescences 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, and are generally white to cream colored, although they can be tinged with pink in some varieties
The fruits are tri-lobed capsules, and are frequently referred to as “pods.” Immature pods are green and in some varieties have some reddish color.
Pods are brown and dry at maturity and contain 15–20 seeds. Seeds are large with three papery wings. Seed hulls are generally brown to black, but can be white if kernels are of low viability. Viable seeds germinate within 2 weeks. The tree produces a tuberous tap root which helps explain its observed tolerance to drought conditions. (FAO, 2014; Radovich, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004, Foidl et al., 2001).
Climate
production requires high average daily temperatures of 25–30°C (77–86°F), well distributed annual rainfall of 1000–2000 mm (40–80 in), high solar ra¬diation and well-drained soils. Growth slows significantly under temperatures below 20°C (68°F). Minimum annual Moringa is widely adapted to the tropics and subtropics. Optimum leaf and pod rainfall requirements are estimated at 250mm with maximum at over 3,000mm, but in waterlogged soil the roots have a tendency to rot. It can be found from 30º north to 20º south and it grows best at altitudes up to 600m but it will grow at altitudes of 2000m. It is usually found in areas with a temperature range of 25°C to 40° C but will tolerate 48° C and light frosts. Moringa is relatively tolerant of drought and poor soils, and responds well to irrigation and fertilization.(Nouman et al., 2014; Oliveira et al., 2009).
419Soils
Moringa tolerates a wide range of soil types and pH (4.5–9), but prefers well-drained soils in the neutral pH range. It can grow well in heavy (clay) soils provided that they do not be¬come saturated for prolonged periods of time. Light (sandy) soils are preferred for rooting branch cuttings directly in the ground. It can be established in slightly alkaline soils up to pH .9. In areas with heavy rainfall, trees can be planted on small hills to encourage water run-off). Presence of a long taproot makes it resistant to periods of drought








Table 2: Biophysical Limits
Elevation range lower: sea level upper: about 1,500 m (4,921 ft)
Mean annual rainfall lower: 250 mm (10 in) upper: 4,000 mm (160 in)
Rainfall pattern Moringa is adapted to monsoon rainfall patterns.
Dry season duration (consecutive months with

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บทที่ 2การทบทวนวรรณกรรม2.1 ความรู้ทั่วไปของมะรุม The Moringaceae is a single-genus family of oilseed trees with 14 known species. Of these, Moringa oleifera, which ranges in height from 5 to 10 m, is the most widely known and utilized. M. oleifera, indigenous to sub-Himalayan regions of northwest India, Africa, Arabia, Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Caribbean Islands and South America, is now distributed in the Philippines, Cambodia and Central and North America. It thrives best in a tropical insular climate and is plentiful near the sandy beds of rivers and. The fast growing, drought-tolerant M. oleifera can tolerate poor soil, a wide rainfall range (25 to 300+ cm per year), and soil pH from 5.0 to 9.0. When fully mature, dried seeds are round or triangular shaped, and the kernel is surrounded by a lightly wooded shell with three papery wings. M. oleifera seeds contain between 33 and 41% w/w of vegetable oil, it has been investigated that the composition of M. oleifera, including its fatty acid profile and found that M. oleifera oil is high in oleic acid (>70%). M. oleifera is commercially known as ‘‘ben oil” or ‘‘behen oil”, due to its content of behenic (docosanoic) acid, possesses significant resistance to oxidative degradation, and has been extensively used in the enfleurage process. M. oleifera has many medicinal uses and has significant nutritional value. A recent experiment conducted on 12 indigenous (India) plant-derived non-traditional oils concluded that M. oleifera oil, among others, has good potential for biodiesel production. The seeds contain around 30–40% of oil, which has been identified as a source of bio-fuel and has medicinal value. Table 1 : BOTANYBotany: Moringa oleiferaGenus: MoringaFamily: MoringaceaeCommon Names: Drumstick Tree, Miracle Tree, Kelor, Horseradish Tree, Ben Oil Tree, Malunggay. etc.Description Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a multipurpose tropical tree. It is mainly used for food and has numerous industrial, medicinal and agricultural uses, including animal feeding. Nutritious, fast-growing and drought-tolerant, this traditional plant was rediscovered in the 1990s and its cultivation has since become increasingly popular in Asia and Africa, where it is among the most economically valuable crops. It has been dubbed the "miracle tree" or "tree of life" in popular media (FAO, 2014; Radovich, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004).Morphology Moringa is a slender softwood tree that branches freely, and can be extremely fast growing. Although it can reach heights in excess of 10 m (33 ft), it is generally considered a small- to medium-size tree. Tripinnate compound leaves are feathery with green to dark green elliptical leaflets 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) long. The tree is often mistaken for a legume because of its leaves. Conspicuous, lightly fragrant flowers are borne on inflorescences 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long, and are generally white to cream colored, although they can be tinged with pink in some varietiesThe fruits are tri-lobed capsules, and are frequently referred to as “pods.” Immature pods are green and in some varieties have some reddish color.Pods are brown and dry at maturity and contain 15–20 seeds. Seeds are large with three papery wings. Seed hulls are generally brown to black, but can be white if kernels are of low viability. Viable seeds germinate within 2 weeks. The tree produces a tuberous tap root which helps explain its observed tolerance to drought conditions. (FAO, 2014; Radovich, 2009; Orwa et al., 2009; Bosch, 2004, Foidl et al., 2001).Climate production requires high average daily temperatures of 25–30°C (77–86°F), well distributed annual rainfall of 1000–2000 mm (40–80 in), high solar ra¬diation and well-drained soils. Growth slows significantly under temperatures below 20°C (68°F). Minimum annual Moringa is widely adapted to the tropics and subtropics. Optimum leaf and pod rainfall requirements are estimated at 250mm with maximum at over 3,000mm, but in waterlogged soil the roots have a tendency to rot. It can be found from 30º north to 20º south and it grows best at altitudes up to 600m but it will grow at altitudes of 2000m. It is usually found in areas with a temperature range of 25°C to 40° C but will tolerate 48° C and light frosts. Moringa is relatively tolerant of drought and poor soils, and responds well to irrigation and fertilization.(Nouman et al., 2014; Oliveira et al., 2009).419Soils Moringa tolerates a wide range of soil types and pH (4.5–9), but prefers well-drained soils in the neutral pH range. It can grow well in heavy (clay) soils provided that they do not be¬come saturated for prolonged periods of time. Light (sandy) soils are preferred for rooting branch cuttings directly in the ground. It can be established in slightly alkaline soils up to pH .9. In areas with heavy rainfall, trees can be planted on small hills to encourage water run-off). Presence of a long taproot makes it resistant to periods of drought







Table 2: Biophysical Limits
Elevation range lower: sea level upper: about 1,500 m (4,921 ft)
Mean annual rainfall lower: 250 mm (10 in) upper: 4,000 mm (160 in)
Rainfall pattern Moringa is adapted to monsoon rainfall patterns.
Dry season duration (consecutive months with <40 mm [1.6 in] rainfall) Well-established trees can tolerate long periods of drought, but leaf production suffers.
Mean annual temperature lower: 15°C (68°F) upper: 30°C (86°F)
Minimum/Maximum temperature tolerated Succulent growth is frost sensitive and established trees can survive low temperatures of 0°C (32°F) for short periods with the loss of new growth. Can tolerate 48°C
















2.1.1 How to grow Moringa?
Moringa Plant, Grow, Cultivation - Easy Instructions
1. Find a sunny place
2. Make square holes in the ground 30 to 60 cm deep
3. Fill the hole with loose ground
4. Plant the seed 1 cm deep
5. Give the ground some water but not too much, otherwise the seed may rotten.
6. Within 1-2 weeks the Miracle springs out the ground! :-)
Moringa trees grow easily from seeds or cuttings. They grow quickly even in poor soil and bloom 8 months after planting.
To grow from seed:
Moringa seeds have no dormancy periods and canbe planted as soon as theyare mature.

In the ground:
It is best to plant the seeds directly where the tree is intended to grow and not transplant the seedling. The young seedlings are fragile and often cannot survive transplanting. To plant seeds directly in the ground:
1. Choose an area with light and sandy soil, not heavy with clay or water-logged.
2. Dig holes 1 ft (30 cm) square and 1 ft deep. Back-fill the holes with loose soil. Compost or manure will help the tree grow better, even though Moringa trees can grow in poor soils.
3. Plant 3 to 5 seeds in each hole, 2 in. (5 cm) apart. Plant the seeds no deeper than three times the width of the seed (approximately ½ in. or 1.5 cm -- the size of one's thumbnail).
4. Keep the soil moist enough so that the top soil will not dry and choke the emerging saplings, but it should not be too wet or else the seeds can drown and rot.
5. When the saplings are four to six inches tall, keep the healthiest sapling in the ground and remove the rest. Termites and nematodes can kill a young sapling. Take measures to protect saplings from these two dangers.
Note: If the soil is heavy, dig a larger hole of up to 3 ft (90 cm) in diameter and 3 ft deep, and backfill with 1 part sand and 2 parts original soil. Added compost or manure will help.
In Plastic Bags:
When it is not possible to plant directly in the ground, use the following method:
1. Fill seedling bags with light soil mixture, i.e. 3 parts soil to 1 part sand.
2. Plant two or three seeds in each bag, ¼ in. (0.5 cm) deep.
3. Keep moist but not too wet. Germination will occur within two weeks.
4. Remove extra seedlings, leaving one in each bag.
Seedlings can be transplanted after four to six months when they are 2-3 ft (60-90 cm) high.
Transplanting
The ground where the trees are to be planted should be light and sandy, not heavy with clay or water-logged.
Dig a hole 1 ft (30 cm) square and 1 ft deep. Backfill with loose soil. Adding compost or manure will help the trees grow better.
Water the planting holes one day before transplanting the seedlings.
Plant seedlings in the late afternoon to avoid the hot sun the first day.
Make a hole in the pit to accept all soil in the bag. Carefully cut open the sack and place the seedling in the planting hole. Be careful to keep the soil around the seedling's roots intact.
Pack soil around the seedling base.
Water only lightly for the first few days.
If the seedlings fall over, tie them to a stick for support. Protect young saplings from termites and nematodes.
To grow from a cutting:
After the trees have stopped producing fruits each year, branches need to be cut off so that fresh growth may take place. These branches are excellent for growingnew trees
1. Make a cutting at least 1" (2.5cm) in diameter and at least six feet (1.8m) long.
2 .Dig a hole 3 ft. (1m) x 3 ft. (1m) and 3 ft. (1m) deep.
3. Place cutting in this hole and fill with a mixture of soil, sand and composted manure. Pack firmly around base of the cutting. Form a slight dome or cone shape, sloping down away from the cutting. It is desirable that water not touch the stem of the new tree.
4. Water generously, but do not drown the cutting in water.
In Thailand, the custom is to put some cow dung on top of the open end of the cutting. This is an excellent way to protect the cutting from pests.

2.1.2 Utilizations
Food uses
All parts of moringa are consumed as food. The plant produces leaves during the dry season and during times of drought, and is an excellent source of green vegetable when little other food is available (FAO, 2014). Moringa is mainly grown for its leaves in Africa, and much appreciated for its pods in Asia (Bosch, 2004). Leaves, pods

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บทที่ 2 ทบทวนวรรณกรรม

2.1 ความรู้ทั่วไปเกี่ยวกับมะรุม
Moringaceae เป็นพืช oilseed ต้นไม้ครอบครัวเดียวกับ 14 ชนิดที่รู้จัก . ของเหล่านี้ , มะรุม , ซึ่งมีความสูงตั้งแต่ 5 ถึง 10 เมตร เป็นที่รู้จักและใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายมากที่สุด . วท. ด , พื้นเมืองที่จะย่อยหิมาลัยภูมิภาคของภาคตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของอินเดีย , แอฟริกา , ซาอุดีอาระเบีย , เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้แปซิฟิก และหมู่เกาะแคริบเบียน และอเมริกาใต้ เป็น การ กระจาย ใน ฟิลิปปินส์ กัมพูชา และอเมริกากลางและอเมริกาเหนือ มันเติบโตที่ดีที่สุดในบรรยากาศโลกเขตร้อนและอุดมสมบูรณ์ใกล้เตียงทรายของแม่น้ำและ ที่โตเร็ว ทนแล้ง ม. ดสามารถทนต่อดินไม่ดี หลากหลายแบบ ( 25 ถึง 300 เซนติเมตรต่อปี ) และ pH ของดินจาก 5.0 ถึง 9.0 . เมื่อครบ ผู้ใหญ่เมล็ดแห้งจะกลมหรือรูปสามเหลี่ยม และเมล็ดจะถูกล้อมรอบด้วยเปลือกเบาๆป่าสามปีกเหมือนกระดาษ . วท. ดเมล็ดประกอบด้วยระหว่าง 33 และ 41 % w / w ของน้ำมันพืช มันได้ถูกตรวจสอบว่าองค์ประกอบของ ด รวมทั้งโปรไฟล์ของกรดไขมัน และพบว่า วท. ดน้ำมันที่มีกรดโอเลอิก ( > 70% ) เมตรดเป็นในเชิงพาณิชย์ที่เรียกว่า ' 'ben น้ำมัน " หรือ " 'behen น้ำมัน " เนื่องจากเนื้อหาของยกขึ้น ( docosanoic ) กรดมีคุณสมบัติสำคัญต้านออกซิเดชัน และมีการใช้อย่างกว้างขวางในกระบวนการนเฟล ์เรจ . วท. ดได้ใช้ยามากมาย และได้คุณค่าทางโภชนาการที่สำคัญล่าสุด ทดลองดำเนินการใน 12 ประเทศ ( อินเดีย ) พืชซึ่งสรุปได้ว่า น้ำมันที่ไม่ใช่แบบดั้งเดิม . ดน้ำมัน , หมู่คนอื่น ๆ มีศักยภาพที่ดีสำหรับการผลิตไบโอดีเซล เมล็ดประกอบด้วยประมาณ 30 – 40 % ของน้ำมัน ซึ่งถูกระบุว่าเป็นแหล่งที่มาของน้ำมันชีวภาพ และได้คุณค่าสมุนไพร ตารางที่ 1


: พฤกษศาสตร์พฤกษศาสตร์ : มะรุม
สกุล : ครอบครัวมะรุมชื่อสามัญ : Moringaceae

:ต้นไม้ต้นไม้ kelor น่อง , ปาฏิหาริย์ , เบน , เบน , น้ำมันต้นไม้ malunggay . ฯลฯ







รายละเอียด
มะรุม ( มะรุม แลม ) เป็นอเนกประสงค์เขตร้อนต้นไม้ มันถูกใช้เป็นหลักสำหรับอาหารและหลายอุตสาหกรรม การใช้ยา และการเกษตร รวมทั้งให้อาหารสัตว์ . คุณค่าทางโภชนาการ , เกิดภัยแล้งและใจกว้าง ,