Energy productivity is measured as the
useful output divided by the energy input [1]. On shop floor
level it is even more common to use energy intensity, which is
the inversion of energy productivity [2]. From a
manufacturing perspective, energy intensity is given by the
ratio of energy input in production and a unit of industrial
output, e. g. kWh/car [3], [4]. Thus the increase of energy
productivity is in accordance with the decrease of energy
intensity.