In the study, the addition of 4% WPI to the low-fat ice. cream mix improved the highest hardness with a force of. 10885.7 g. This represents approximately a three-fold increase in hardness when compared to the control sample. In addition, the hardness of low-fat ice creams containing WPI or inulin was higher than their reduced-fat counterparts (P <0.05). Using the TA-XT2 Texture Analyser, Guinard et al. [ 31] reported that hardness was inversely related to the fat and sugar contents in vanilla ice cream and. increased fat caused lower ice crystals. This demonstrates that the presence of ice crystals can contribute to the detection of firmness. Muse and Hartel [ 30] reported that the hardness in ice cream was inXuenced by the rheological. properties of the mix.
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