age, income, race, gender,
and so on, people who join are
people who trust.3 Moreover, this
is true across different countries,
and across different states in the
United States, as well as across
individuals, and it is true of all
sorts of groups.4 Sorting out which
way causation flows-whether joining
causes trusting or trusting
causes joining-is complicated both
theoretically and methodologically,
although John Brehm and Wendy
Rahn (1995) report evidence that
the causation flows mainly from
joining to trusting. Be that as it
may, civic connections and social
trust move together. Which way
are they moving?