One of Houle’s students, Allen Tough, extended this line of investigation from his position on the faculty of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education later in the same decade. Tough’s research question was, paraphrased: “How do adults learn naturally – when they are not being taught.” His first findings, reported in two reports, Learning Without a Teacher (1967) and The Adult’s Learning Projects (1971), showed that 1) almost all adults engage in from one to twenty major learning projects each year – with the average number being around eight; 2)only about 10 percent of the learning projects were associated with educational institutions; 3) there is a fairly universal “natural” process of learning – adults who undertake to learn something on their own go through a similar sequence of steps; 4) adults almost always turn to somebody for help at one or more points in this sequence; 5) usually they go to “helpers” who have not been trained as teachers, but frequently when they go to teachers the teachers interfere with their learning by substituting their own pedagogical sequence of steps rather than flowing with the learner’s natural sequence.