A shows specific volume results of all breads studied. In
most of cases C and S breads presented higher volume (p < 0.05)
than T and CT. Therefore, the presence of tiger nut flour significantly
(p < 0.05) impaired bread specific volume. Demirkesen et al. (2011)
reported an increase of bread specific volume of rice flour based
gluten-free bread when tiger nut flour was added, due to the role of
tiger nut fat (that plasticized dough), and tiger nut fiber (that
improved gas retention and water holding capacity). In the present
study, this effect was not observed, due to the differences in the
gluten-free formulations compared i.e. rice flour base instead of
corn starch, higher water content, higher shortening content,
absence of emulsifier. Mi~narro et al. (2012) also observed an increase
of specific volume in gluten-free bread elaborated with
chickpea flour due to the good emulsifying stability index of
chickpea protein (Paredes-Lopez, Ordorica-Falomir, & Olivares-
Vazquez, 1991). In our study, C formulation is also the one that
renders the breads with the highest specific volume