The specific literature on immigration and absorption to Israel is also ambivalent about how to characterize the case of Jewish-American immigrants to Israel within the framework of a push-pull dichotomy. Canonical texts like S.N. Eisenstadt’s The Absorption of Immigrants, a casestudy focused mainly on migration to Israel during the pre-/early stateperiod, argues that a “push” to migrate must not be the result of hardship or complete dissatisfaction with conditions in the country of origin where “no overwhelming feeling of inadequacy and frustration” is required, rather “the feeling of inadequacy and the consequent expectations in the relation to a new society may be limited to certain aspects alone of the total social field of contact between individual and society.”7 This provides for a more nuanced understanding of “pull factors” that has been critical to this debate as Eisenstadt’s work about immigrant absorption more broadly has come under severe critique (if not partial repudiation) by post-Zionist sociology.8