Determinants of lifestyle behavior in type 2
diabetes: results of the 2011 cross-sectional
survey on living with chronic diseases in Canada
Calypse B Agborsangaya1, Marianne E Gee2, Steven T Johnson3, Peggy Dunbar4, Marie-France Langlois5,
Lawrence A Leiter6, Catherine Pelletier2 and Jeffrey A Johnson1*
Abstract
Background: Lifestyle behavior modification is an essential component of self-management of type 2 diabetes. We
evaluated the prevalence of engagement in lifestyle behaviors for management of the disease, as well as the
impact of healthcare professional support on these behaviors.
Methods: Self-reported data were available from 2682 adult respondents, age 20 years or older, to the 2011 Survey
on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada’s diabetes component. Associations with never engaging in and not
sustaining self-management behaviors (of dietary change, weight control, exercise, and smoking cessation) were
evaluated using binomial regression models.
Results: The prevalence of reported dietary change, weight control/loss, increased exercise and smoking cessation
(among those who smoked since being diagnosed) were 89.7%, 72.1%, 69.5%, and 30.6%, respectively. Those who
reported not receiving health professional advice in the previous 12 months were more likely to report never
engaging in dietary change (RR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.8 – 4.2), exercise (RR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.3 – 2.1), or weight control/loss
(RR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 – 3.6), but not smoking cessation (RR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.7 – 1.5). Also, living with diabetes for
more than six years was associated with not sustaining dietary change, weight loss and smoking cessation.
Conclusion: Health professional advice for lifestyle behaviors for type 2 diabetes self-management may support
individual actions. Patients living with the disease for more than 6 years may require additional support in
sustaining recommended behaviors.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Health behaviors, Health professional advice, Self-management
Background
Diabetes is a major public health concern around the
world. In Canada, over two million adults lived with the
disease in 2009 [1,2]. Considering that about 200,000
new cases are diagnosed yearly [1], the burden of diabetes
is projected to increase [3]. It is also a major driver
of the total health care cost and the sixth leading cause
of death in Canada [4]. The vast majority (> 90%) of all
cases are type 2 diabetes, diagnosed in older adults, and
often associated with obesity [5].
Lifestyle behavior modification is a cornerstone for
self-management of type 2 diabetes [6,7]. Important
components of self-management include maintaining a
healthy diet, participating in regular physical activity,
achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight, limiting
alcohol intake, and not/quitting smoking. Because
the complexity of diabetes management requires that
health professionals work collaboratively with their patients
[8], self-management support has become a critical
element for effective diabetes self-management.
Although there are published studies on effective selfmanagement
among Canadians living with type 2 diabetes
[9-11], data from a large nationally representative
sample may provide further evidence to inform strategies
that will support long-term maintenance of self-
* Correspondence: jeff.johnson@ualberta.ca
1Department of Public Health Sciences, 2–040 Li Ka Shing Center for Health
Research and Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1,
Canada
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© 2013 Agborsangaya et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Agborsangaya et al. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:451
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/451
management behaviors. To date, few population-based
studies have described the self-management practices of
Canadian adults with type 2 diabetes. Among those that
have [12,13], the reported self-management behaviors
are not consistent with guidelines for diabetes selfmanagement
[6]. A better understanding of these behavior
patterns among persons living with the disease may
provide vital information for public health planning.
In the present study, we set to 1) understand the extent
to which Canadians living with type 2 diabetes employ different
lifestyle behaviors for the management of the disease,
by engaging in dietary change, exercise, weight control/loss,
smoking cessation and limiting alcohol intake; 2) determine
the proportion of persons with type 2 diabetes who receive
healthcare professional advice and also engage in self-care
behaviors; and 3) identify determinants of a) never engaging
in these lifestyle behaviors, and b) not sustaining lifestyle
behaviors for the management of type 2 diabetes.
Methods
The study is based on data from the 2011 Survey on Living
with Chronic Diseases in Canada Diabetes Component
(SLCDC-DM). Individuals age 20 years and older who
reported having diabetes diagnosed by a health care
professional as part of the 2010 Canadian Community
Health Survey (CCHS) were eligible for participation
in the SLCDC-DM. Of the 3590 CCHS respondents
contacted, 2933 individuals agreed to participate in
the SLCDC-DM, resulting in a response rate of 81.7%
[14]. Members of the Canadian Forces, First Nations
individuals living on reserves, individuals residing in
institutions, and residents of Canada’s three territories,
Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory, and
respondents who reported having diabetes only during
pregnancy were excluded from the sampling frame [14].
Furthermore, respondents who reported having been diagnosed
during pregnancy but did not state whether they
had been diagnosed outside of pregnancy were excluded
(n=7). The analysis was restricted to the population with
self-reported type 2 diabetes; these were individuals who
reported either having type 2 diabetes or did not report a
type but reported being diagnosed after the age of 30 years.
The population represented in this survey was characterized
by time since diagnosis (≤ 2 years, 3–5 years,
6+ years) and socio-demographic characteristics (age,
gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, total household
income, marital status, urban versus rural residence). Time
since diagnosis was derived based on current age and
responses to the question “How old were you when
you were first diagnosed with diabetes?” With the
exception of age, gender, and residence location, other
information on socio-demographic characteristics was
measured as part of the 2010 CCHS, which was linked to
the 2011 SLCDC.
Participants were asked if, as a result of being diagnosed
with diabetes, they ever: i) changed the type or
amount of food, ii) changed the amount of exercise or
participated in physical activities, and iii) stopped drinking
or limited alcohol intake? Those who responded
“yes” were further asked if they continued to maintain
the change “all the time”, “most of the time”, “some
of the time” or “none of the time” for dietary change,
physical activity and alcohol intake. For our analysis,
participants were categorized as not sustaining the
self-management behavior change, if they reported
“none of the time” or “some of the time”. Likewise,
patients were also asked if, as a result of being diagnosed
with diabetes, they ever: i) tried to control or lose weight,
and ii) quit smoking. Patients who responded “yes” were
further asked: are you continuing to maintain this change?
Those who responded “no” were considered as not
sustaining the self-management behavior change.
Regular drinking of alcohol was defined as 14 standard
drinks of alcohol/week for men or 9 standard drinks of
alcohol/week for women [6].
Never engaging in lifestyle behaviors and not sustaining
lifestyle behaviors were described according to
whether the respondent reported having received selfmanagement
support (i.e. advice for the behavior from a
health care professional) in the previous 12 months. For
example, participants were asked “In the past 12 months,
has a doctor or other health professional discussed changing
the type or amount of food you eat to help you control
your diabetes?” Similar questions were asked for
physical activity/exercise, controlling/losing weight, quitting
smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption.
The weighted prevalence of engaging in self-reported
behaviors for type 2 diabetes management was estimated.
Using cross tabulations, the weighted proportions
of respondents engaging in self-management behaviors
were estimated according to whether or not patients received
health professional advice for lifestyle behaviors.
Associations between descriptors and a) never engaging
in lifestyle behaviors, and b) not sustaining lifestyle behaviors
were examined using multivariate prevalence
rate ratios (RRs), estimated using log-binomial regression
models. Data were analyzed using SAS Enterprise
Guide version 4 (Cary, NC). Point estimates were
weighted to reflect the Canadian adult population, with
population estimates based on 2006 Census counts and
counts of birth, death, immigration and emigration since
that time [14,15]. To account for stratification and clustering
in the SLCDC design, 95% confidence intervals
(CI) were calculated using exact standard errors generated
through bootstrap re-sampling methods [16].
Informed consent was obtained from all survey respondents.
All personal information created, held or collected
by Statistics Canada is protected by the Privacy
Agborsangaya et al. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:451 Page 2 of 10
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/451
Act and by the Statistics Act. Share partners, including
the Public health Agency of Canada, have access to the
data under the terms of the
ดีเทอร์มิแนนต์ของพฤติกรรมวิถีชีวิตชนิด 2โรคเบาหวาน: ผลของ 2011 เหลวสำรวจบนอยู่กับโรคเรื้อรังในประเทศแคนาดาCalypse B Agborsangaya1 มาริแอนอี Gee2, Steven T Johnson3, Peggy Dunbar4 ฝรั่งเศส Marie Langlois5ลอว์เรนซ์เป็น Leiter6 แคทเธอรี Pelletier2 และเจฟฟรีย์ A Johnson1 *บทคัดย่อพื้นหลัง: ปรับเปลี่ยนพฤติกรรมวิถีชีวิตที่เป็นส่วนประกอบสำคัญของโรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 การจัดการตนเอง เราประเมินความชุกของความผูกพันในวิถีชีวิตการทำงานสำหรับจัดการโรค รวมทั้งผลกระทบสุขภาพการสนับสนุนอาชีพในพฤติกรรมเหล่านี้วิธีการ: ข้อมูลรายงานด้วยตนเองได้จากผู้ตอบผู้ใหญ่ 2682 อายุ 20 ปี หรือ มากกว่า สำรวจ 2011ในชีวิตมีส่วนประกอบของแคนาดาโรคเบาหวานโรคเรื้อรัง สมาคมกับเสน่ห์ในไม่เคย และไม่มีพฤติกรรมการจัดการตนเองอยู่ได้ (จากการเปลี่ยนแปลงอาหาร ควบคุมน้ำหนัก ออกกำลังกาย และยุติการสูบบุหรี่)ถูกประเมินโดยใช้แบบจำลองการถดถอยทวินามผลลัพธ์: ความชุกของการรายงานการเปลี่ยนแปลงอาหาร ควบคุม/ลดน้ำหนัก ออกกำลังกายเพิ่มขึ้น และยุติการสูบบุหรี่(ในหมู่ผู้ที่รมควันเนื่องจากมีการวินิจฉัย) ได้ 89.7%, 72.1%, 69.5% และ 30.6% ตามลำดับ ผู้ที่รายงานการไม่ได้รับการแนะนำอาชีพใน 12 เดือนมีแนวโน้มที่จะไม่รายงานสุขภาพในการเปลี่ยนอาหาร (RR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.8-4.2), ออกกำลังกาย (RR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.1), หรือน้ำหนักควบคุม /(RR = 2.2, 95% CI 3.6-1.3), แต่ไม่สูบบุหรี่ยุติ (RR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.7 – 1.5) ยัง อยู่กับโรคเบาหวานสำหรับกว่า 6 ปีไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับไม่ประคับประคองการเปลี่ยนแปลงอาหาร น้ำหนักลด และยุติการสูบบุหรี่สรุป: แนะนำอาชีพสุขภาพสำหรับวิถีชีวิตพฤติกรรมการจัดการตนเองโรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 อาจสนับสนุนการดำเนินการแต่ละ ผู้ป่วยอยู่กับโรคนี้มากว่า 6 ปีอาจต้องการการสนับสนุนเพิ่มเติมในเสริมการทำงานแนะนำคำสำคัญ: พิมพ์ 2 โรคเบาหวาน พฤติกรรมสุขภาพ สุขภาพมืออาชีพแนะ นำ การจัดการตนเองพื้นหลังโรคเบาหวานเป็นปัญหาสาธารณสุขที่สำคัญสถานโลก แคนาดา ผู้ใหญ่กว่า 2 ล้านคนที่อาศัยอยู่กับโรคในปี 2552 [1, 2] พิจารณาที่ประมาณ 200000กรณีใหม่ได้รับการวินิจฉัยภาระของโรคเบาหวาน ประจำปี [1]คาดว่าจะเพิ่มขึ้น [3] มีโปรแกรมควบคุมหลักการดูแลสุขภาพรวมต้นทุนและสาเหตุหกการตายในประเทศแคนาดา [4] ส่วนใหญ่ (> 90%) ทั้งหมดกรณีเป็นเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 การวินิจฉัยในผู้ใหญ่สูงอายุ และมักสัมพันธ์กับโรคอ้วน [5]ปรับเปลี่ยนพฤติกรรมชีวิตเป็นรากฐานสำหรับการจัดการตนเองของโรคเบาหวานชนิดที่ 2 [6,7] สำคัญส่วนประกอบของการจัดการตนเองได้แก่การรักษาความอาหารเพื่อสุขภาพ การเข้าร่วมในกิจกรรมทางกายภาพทั่วไปบรรลุและรักษาสุขภาพร่างกายน้ำหนัก จำกัดบริโภคเครื่องดื่มแอลกอฮอล์ และไม่/เลิกสูบบุหรี่ เนื่องจากความซับซ้อนของการจัดการโรคเบาหวานจำเป็นต้องhealth professionals work collaboratively with their patients[8], self-management support has become a criticalelement for effective diabetes self-management.Although there are published studies on effective selfmanagementamong Canadians living with type 2 diabetes[9-11], data from a large nationally representativesample may provide further evidence to inform strategiesthat will support long-term maintenance of self-* Correspondence: jeff.johnson@ualberta.ca1Department of Public Health Sciences, 2–040 Li Ka Shing Center for HealthResearch and Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1,CanadaFull list of author information is available at the end of the article© 2013 Agborsangaya et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use,distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Agborsangaya et al. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:451http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/451management behaviors. To date, few population-basedstudies have described the self-management practices ofCanadian adults with type 2 diabetes. Among those thathave [12,13], the reported self-management behaviorsare not consistent with guidelines for diabetes selfmanagement[6]. A better understanding of these behaviorpatterns among persons living with the disease may
provide vital information for public health planning.
In the present study, we set to 1) understand the extent
to which Canadians living with type 2 diabetes employ different
lifestyle behaviors for the management of the disease,
by engaging in dietary change, exercise, weight control/loss,
smoking cessation and limiting alcohol intake; 2) determine
the proportion of persons with type 2 diabetes who receive
healthcare professional advice and also engage in self-care
behaviors; and 3) identify determinants of a) never engaging
in these lifestyle behaviors, and b) not sustaining lifestyle
behaviors for the management of type 2 diabetes.
Methods
The study is based on data from the 2011 Survey on Living
with Chronic Diseases in Canada Diabetes Component
(SLCDC-DM). Individuals age 20 years and older who
reported having diabetes diagnosed by a health care
professional as part of the 2010 Canadian Community
Health Survey (CCHS) were eligible for participation
in the SLCDC-DM. Of the 3590 CCHS respondents
contacted, 2933 individuals agreed to participate in
the SLCDC-DM, resulting in a response rate of 81.7%
[14]. Members of the Canadian Forces, First Nations
individuals living on reserves, individuals residing in
institutions, and residents of Canada’s three territories,
Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory, and
respondents who reported having diabetes only during
pregnancy were excluded from the sampling frame [14].
Furthermore, respondents who reported having been diagnosed
during pregnancy but did not state whether they
had been diagnosed outside of pregnancy were excluded
(n=7). The analysis was restricted to the population with
self-reported type 2 diabetes; these were individuals who
reported either having type 2 diabetes or did not report a
type but reported being diagnosed after the age of 30 years.
The population represented in this survey was characterized
by time since diagnosis (≤ 2 years, 3–5 years,
6+ years) and socio-demographic characteristics (age,
gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, total household
income, marital status, urban versus rural residence). Time
since diagnosis was derived based on current age and
responses to the question “How old were you when
you were first diagnosed with diabetes?” With the
exception of age, gender, and residence location, other
information on socio-demographic characteristics was
measured as part of the 2010 CCHS, which was linked to
the 2011 SLCDC.
Participants were asked if, as a result of being diagnosed
with diabetes, they ever: i) changed the type or
amount of food, ii) changed the amount of exercise or
participated in physical activities, and iii) stopped drinking
or limited alcohol intake? Those who responded
“yes” were further asked if they continued to maintain
the change “all the time”, “most of the time”, “some
of the time” or “none of the time” for dietary change,
physical activity and alcohol intake. For our analysis,
participants were categorized as not sustaining the
self-management behavior change, if they reported
“none of the time” or “some of the time”. Likewise,
patients were also asked if, as a result of being diagnosed
with diabetes, they ever: i) tried to control or lose weight,
and ii) quit smoking. Patients who responded “yes” were
further asked: are you continuing to maintain this change?
Those who responded “no” were considered as not
sustaining the self-management behavior change.
Regular drinking of alcohol was defined as 14 standard
drinks of alcohol/week for men or 9 standard drinks of
alcohol/week for women [6].
Never engaging in lifestyle behaviors and not sustaining
lifestyle behaviors were described according to
whether the respondent reported having received selfmanagement
support (i.e. advice for the behavior from a
health care professional) in the previous 12 months. For
example, participants were asked “In the past 12 months,
has a doctor or other health professional discussed changing
the type or amount of food you eat to help you control
your diabetes?” Similar questions were asked for
physical activity/exercise, controlling/losing weight, quitting
smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption.
The weighted prevalence of engaging in self-reported
behaviors for type 2 diabetes management was estimated.
Using cross tabulations, the weighted proportions
of respondents engaging in self-management behaviors
were estimated according to whether or not patients received
health professional advice for lifestyle behaviors.
Associations between descriptors and a) never engaging
in lifestyle behaviors, and b) not sustaining lifestyle behaviors
were examined using multivariate prevalence
rate ratios (RRs), estimated using log-binomial regression
models. Data were analyzed using SAS Enterprise
Guide version 4 (Cary, NC). Point estimates were
weighted to reflect the Canadian adult population, with
population estimates based on 2006 Census counts and
counts of birth, death, immigration and emigration since
that time [14,15]. To account for stratification and clustering
in the SLCDC design, 95% confidence intervals
(CI) were calculated using exact standard errors generated
through bootstrap re-sampling methods [16].
Informed consent was obtained from all survey respondents.
All personal information created, held or collected
by Statistics Canada is protected by the Privacy
Agborsangaya et al. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:451 Page 2 of 10
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/451
Act and by the Statistics Act. Share partners, including
the Public health Agency of Canada, have access to the
data under the terms of the
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