The average of the standarddeviations for brain temperatures in ice/heating pad group was0.288 ◦C, and in water immersion group was 0.062 ◦C when targettemperature was to 32 ◦C (Fig. 3A); 0.266 ◦C and 0.067 ◦C respectivelywhen target temperature was 28 ◦C (Fig. 3B). The differences were statistically very significant (P = 0.002 for 32 ◦C, P = 0.0007 for 28 ◦C) (Fig. 3). In addition, the changes of rectal temperature and brain temperature in ice/heating pad method were not tightly coupled during maintaining period