which were the optimal
levels for fumaric acid fermentation by a series of optimization
experiments (data not shown). As was shown in Fig. 4, the concentration
of fumaric acid was found to increase in the course of time,
and maximum concentration of 4.37 g/L was achieved at 192 h,
with a low productivity of 0.023 g/L/h. There was much residual
glycerol when the fermentation was finished. As was previously
reported,
in some biological conversion processes, impurities in
crude glycerol might influence the conversion of glycerol and cause
lower production rates and yields, compared to pure glycerol
under the same culture conditions (Liu et al., 2013b). Hence, fermentations
of pure glycerol were carried out under the same condition
to investigate the effect of impurities in crude glycerol on
fumaric acid production
which were the optimallevels for fumaric acid fermentation by a series of optimizationexperiments (data not shown). As was shown in Fig. 4, the concentrationof fumaric acid was found to increase in the course of time,and maximum concentration of 4.37 g/L was achieved at 192 h,with a low productivity of 0.023 g/L/h. There was much residualglycerol when the fermentation was finished. As was previouslyreported, in some biological conversion processes, impurities incrude glycerol might influence the conversion of glycerol and causelower production rates and yields, compared to pure glycerolunder the same culture conditions (Liu et al., 2013b). Hence, fermentationsof pure glycerol were carried out under the same conditionto investigate the effect of impurities in crude glycerol onfumaric acid production
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