The large scale reproduction of a comic strip frame was considered radical and revolutionary at the time.[26] Critics applauded the work's playfulness, inherent humor and irreverence. According to Diane Waldman of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, "Look Mickey is broad comedy and falls into the category of slapstick ..."[27] In Lichtenstein's obituary, Los Angeles Times critic Christopher Knight described the work as "a slyly hilarious riff on Abstract Expressionism".[18] Lichtenstein's slight alterations to its "linear clarity and colour", the critic writes, add to its aesthetic value and grandeur, reinforced by his choice of scale.[28] A common misconception about Lichtenstein comes from the fact that in his best known works, his meticulous approach to painting is purposely disguised because he superficially seeks his paintings to appear as if facsimiles of industrial produced pop culture icons.[22] Graham Bader wrote that "Lichtenstein's painting in fact appears more the product of industrial manufacture than the very pulp image on which it is based."[29] Look Mickey is considered self-referential in the sense that the artist is painting something through which the viewer may see elements of the artist.[30]
Look Mickey has reflective elements that call upon Caravaggio's Narcissus.[30]
Bader observes that Look Mickey is concerned both with the artistic process and Lichtenstein's new painting techniques. He believes it can be considered a self-portrait in the sense that it "explicitly situates the painting's maker himself within the self-enclosed narcissistic circuit at its center". The painting shows Donald looking into the reflective water at Lichtenstein's blue 'rfl' signature "as a kind of surrogate for the image's creator", in a manner that is reminiscent of Caravaggio's Narcissus, in which the subject gazes at his own reflection on the water.[30] This is viewed as an allegory of Lichtenstein's position as an artist trained to develop his realist instincts despite the prominence of abstract expressionism. When viewed this way, Mickey serves as the "vanguard modernist" superego towering over Lichtenstein and laughing at his retrograde efforts.[25]
Lichtenstein uses red Ben-Day dots to color Mickey's face. According to some art critics, this gives the character the appearance of blushing. Other interpretations are that the coloration is merely skin pigmentation or that it is the hue associated with a "healthy glow," since Mickey has historically been viewed as a creature with skin rather than fur.[31] Another interpretation – supported by the original source in which Mickey says that if Donald can land the fish he can have it for lunch – is that Mickey's face is red due to the exertion necessary to contain his disbelief and laughter while he experiences his amused superiority.[25] Those adhering to the blushing interpretation are bolstered by the uneven blotchiness of the red dots, but others are quick to point out that Lichtenstein's Ben-Day dot technique was still in a primitive stage. He did not develop the use of a stencil (i.e. the technique of pressing the liquid paint onto the surface through a screen of dots) to present uniformly distributed dots until 1963.[32]
"it is precisely this tension—between heightened sensation and absolute numbness, bodily exuberance and the deadening of sensory experience—that animates Look Mickey."
—Graham Bader[33]
Graham Bader, describing it as the engine of the painting's narrative, notes the intrigue created by the juxtaposition of Donald's heightened sense of visual perception as it relates to his anticipated catch, and his deadened sense of tactile perception as it relates to having a fishing hook in the back of his own shirt. In this sense, Lichtenstein has chosen to depict a source that has as its subject a divide between raised visual awareness and an absent sense of touch:[33]
Donald is an explicitly divided subject, all sensory experience on one end and, literally, numbness on the other (and, visually, all depth and all flatness – for Donald's face is by far the painting's most spatially illusionistic element, while his caught jacket, merged with the schematic waves behind it, emphatically one of its flattest). Indeed, Donald is a portrait of precisely the separation of sight and feeling, vision and touch… What divides vision and touch in Look Mickey, what marks this shift between them, is text: the words that Donald (and Lichtenstein) introduces to the scene, and which the duck's pole-cum-brush passes through before snagging his own back end.
— Bader, [33]
Whaam! adapts a panel by Irv Novick from the "Star Jockey" story from issue No. 89 of DC Comics' All-American Men of War (Feb. 1962).[24][25][26] The original forms part of a dream sequence in which fictional World War II P-51 Mustang pilot Johnny Flying Cloud, "the Navajo ace", foresees himself flying a jet fighter while shooting down other jet planes.[27][28] In Lichtenstein's painting, both the attacking and target planes are replaced by different types of aircraft. Paul Gravett suggests that Lichtenstein substituted the attacking plane with an aircraft from "Wingmate of Doom" illustrated by Jerry Grandenetti in the subsequent issue (#90, April 1962),[29] and that the target plane was borrowed from a Russ Heath drawing in the third panel of page 3 of the "Aces Wild" story in the same issue No. 89.[30] The painting also omits the speech bubble from the source in which the pilot exclaims "The enemy has become a flaming star!"[31]
Original comic book panel from DC Comics' All-American Men of War No. 89 (Feb. 1962)
A smaller, single-panel oil painting by Lichtenstein around the same time, Tex!, has a similar composition, with a plane at the lower left shooting an air-to-air missile at a second plane that is exploding in the upper right, with a word bubble.[32] The same issue of All-American Men of War was the inspiration for at least three other Lichtenstein paintings, Okay Hot-Shot, Okay!, Brattata and Blam, in addition to Whaam! and Tex![33] The graphite pencil sketch, Jet Pilot was also from that issue.[34] Several of Lichtenstein's other comics-based works are inspired by stories about Johnny Flying Cloud written by Robert Kanigher and illustrated by Novick, including Okay Hot-Shot, Okay!, Jet Pilot and Von Karp.[28]
Lichtenstein repeatedly depicted aerial combat between the United States and the Soviet Union.[2] In the early and mid-1960s, he produced "explosion" sculptures, taking subjects such as the "catastrophic release of energy" from paintings such as Whaam! and depicting them in freestanding and relief forms.[35] In 1963, he was parodying a variety of artworks, from advertising and comics and to "high art" modern masterpieces by Cézanne, Mondrian, Picasso and others. At the time, Lichtenstein noted that "the things that I have apparently parodied I actually admire."[36]
Lichtenstein's first solo exhibition was held at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City, from 10 February to 3 March 1962. It sold out before its opening.[37] The exhibition included Look Mickey,[38] Engagement Ring, Blam and The Refrigerator.[39] According to the Lichtenstein Foundation website, Whaam! was part of Lichtenstein's second solo exhibition at the Leo Castelli Gallery from 28 September to 24 October 1963, that also included Drowning Girl, Baseball Manager, In the Car, Conversation, and Torpedo...Los![1][37] Marketing materials for the show included the lithograph artwork, Crak![40][41]
The Lichtenstein Foundation website says that Lichtenstein began using his opaque projector technique in 1962.[1] in 1967 he described his process for producing comics-based art as follows:
I do them as directly as possible. If I am working from a cartoon, photograph or whatever, I draw a small picture—the size that will fit into my opaque projector ... I don't draw a picture in order to reproduce it—I do it in order to recompose it ... I go all the way from having my drawing almost like the original to making it up altogether.[42]
Lichtenstein may have substituted this image for the attacking plane from the subsequent issue of DC Comics' All-American Men of War No. 90 (April 1962).
Whaam! was purchased by the Tate Gallery in 1966.[1] In 1969, Lichtenstein donated his initial graphite-on-paper drawing Drawing for 'Whaam! ', describing it as a "pencil scribble".[43] According to the Tate, Lichtenstein claimed that this drawing represented his "first visualization of Whaam! and that it was executed just before he started the painting."[44] Although he had conceived of a unified work of art on a single canvas, he made the sketch on two sheets of paper of equal size—measuring 14.9 cm × 30.5 cm (5.9 in × 12.0 in).[44] The painting has been displayed at Tate Modern since 2006.[45] In 2012–13, both works were included in the largest Lichtenstein retrospective that visited the Art Institute of Chicago, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the Tate Modern in London and the Centre Pompidou.[46][47]
สืบพันธุ์ขนาดใหญ่กรอบการ์ตูนถือว่ารุนแรง และการปฏิวัติในเวลา [26] นักวิจารณ์นั้นสรรเสริญการทำงาน playfulness ตลกโดยธรรมชาติ และเหยียด ตามไดแอน Waldman ของโซโลมอน R. Guggenheim Museum "มิกกี้ดูเป็นตลกที่กว้าง และจัดอยู่ในประเภทขบขัน..." [27] ใน Lichtenstein ของ obituary ลอสแอนเจลิสไทมส์ก็อัศวินคริสโตเฟอร์อธิบายงานเป็น "ควักเฮฮา riff บน Expressionism บทคัดย่อ" [18] Lichtenstein เปลี่ยนแปลงเล็กน้อยของ "ความคมชัดของเส้นและสี" วิจารณ์เขียน เพิ่มค่าความงามความรู้สึก การเสริมแรง โดยเขาเลือกมาตราส่วน [28] เป็นความเข้าใจผิดทั่วไปเกี่ยวกับ Lichtenstein มาจากความจริงที่ว่า ในเขาเที่ยวทำงาน วิธีการวาดภาพของเขาพิถีพิถันเป็นจงใจปลอมแปลงเนื่องจากเขาได้พบภาพวาดของเขาปรากฏ ว่า เฉพาะของอุตสาหกรรมผลิตวัฒนธรรมป๊อปไอคอนเผิน ๆ [22] เกรแฮม Bader เขียนว่า "ภาพวาดของ Lichtenstein ในความเป็นจริงแล้ว เพิ่มเติมผลิตภัณฑ์ของการผลิตอุตสาหกรรมกว่ารูปเยื่อกระดาษมากขึ้นซึ่ง" [29] มิกกี้ดูกำลังมีในแง่ที่ว่า ศิลปินจะวาดสิ่งที่ตัวแสดงอาจดูองค์ประกอบของศิลปิน [30]ดู มิกกี้ได้องค์ประกอบสะท้อนที่ทูลนาร์ซีซัสของคาราวัจโจ [30]Bader พิจารณามองมิกกี้จะเกี่ยวข้อง กับกระบวนการทางศิลปะและเทคนิคการวาดภาพใหม่ของ Lichtenstein เขาเชื่อว่า มันสามารถเป็นภาพเหมือนตนเองในแง่ที่ว่า มัน "ชัดเจนอยู่ของจิตรกรรมเครื่องเองภายในวงจรซึ่งบูชาตัวเองล้อมรอบด้วยตนเองที่ศูนย์กลาง" ภาพแสดงโดนัลด์ที่มองลงไปในน้ำสะท้อนแสงของ Lichtenstein บลู 'rfl' ลายเซ็น "เป็นชนิดของตัวแทนการสร้างภาพของ" ในลักษณะที่เป็นของนาร์ซีซัสของคาราวัจโจ เรื่อง gazes ที่สะท้อนน้ำของตัวเอง [30] ซึ่งจะดูเป็นการอุปมานิทัศน์ของตำแหน่งของ Lichtenstein เป็นศิลปินฝึกพัฒนาสัญชาตญาณ realist ของเขาแม้ มีความโดดเด่นของ expressionism บทคัดย่อ เมื่อดูด้วยวิธีนี้ มิกกี้เมาส์ทำหน้าที่เป็น superego "vanguard modernist" อินเทอร์เน็ตผ่าน Lichtenstein และหัวเราะในความพยายามของเขา retrograde [25]Lichtenstein uses red Ben-Day dots to color Mickey's face. According to some art critics, this gives the character the appearance of blushing. Other interpretations are that the coloration is merely skin pigmentation or that it is the hue associated with a "healthy glow," since Mickey has historically been viewed as a creature with skin rather than fur.[31] Another interpretation – supported by the original source in which Mickey says that if Donald can land the fish he can have it for lunch – is that Mickey's face is red due to the exertion necessary to contain his disbelief and laughter while he experiences his amused superiority.[25] Those adhering to the blushing interpretation are bolstered by the uneven blotchiness of the red dots, but others are quick to point out that Lichtenstein's Ben-Day dot technique was still in a primitive stage. He did not develop the use of a stencil (i.e. the technique of pressing the liquid paint onto the surface through a screen of dots) to present uniformly distributed dots until 1963.[32]"it is precisely this tension—between heightened sensation and absolute numbness, bodily exuberance and the deadening of sensory experience—that animates Look Mickey."—Graham Bader[33]Graham Bader, describing it as the engine of the painting's narrative, notes the intrigue created by the juxtaposition of Donald's heightened sense of visual perception as it relates to his anticipated catch, and his deadened sense of tactile perception as it relates to having a fishing hook in the back of his own shirt. In this sense, Lichtenstein has chosen to depict a source that has as its subject a divide between raised visual awareness and an absent sense of touch:[33]
Donald is an explicitly divided subject, all sensory experience on one end and, literally, numbness on the other (and, visually, all depth and all flatness – for Donald's face is by far the painting's most spatially illusionistic element, while his caught jacket, merged with the schematic waves behind it, emphatically one of its flattest). Indeed, Donald is a portrait of precisely the separation of sight and feeling, vision and touch… What divides vision and touch in Look Mickey, what marks this shift between them, is text: the words that Donald (and Lichtenstein) introduces to the scene, and which the duck's pole-cum-brush passes through before snagging his own back end.
— Bader, [33]
Whaam! adapts a panel by Irv Novick from the "Star Jockey" story from issue No. 89 of DC Comics' All-American Men of War (Feb. 1962).[24][25][26] The original forms part of a dream sequence in which fictional World War II P-51 Mustang pilot Johnny Flying Cloud, "the Navajo ace", foresees himself flying a jet fighter while shooting down other jet planes.[27][28] In Lichtenstein's painting, both the attacking and target planes are replaced by different types of aircraft. Paul Gravett suggests that Lichtenstein substituted the attacking plane with an aircraft from "Wingmate of Doom" illustrated by Jerry Grandenetti in the subsequent issue (#90, April 1962),[29] and that the target plane was borrowed from a Russ Heath drawing in the third panel of page 3 of the "Aces Wild" story in the same issue No. 89.[30] The painting also omits the speech bubble from the source in which the pilot exclaims "The enemy has become a flaming star!"[31]
Original comic book panel from DC Comics' All-American Men of War No. 89 (Feb. 1962)
A smaller, single-panel oil painting by Lichtenstein around the same time, Tex!, has a similar composition, with a plane at the lower left shooting an air-to-air missile at a second plane that is exploding in the upper right, with a word bubble.[32] The same issue of All-American Men of War was the inspiration for at least three other Lichtenstein paintings, Okay Hot-Shot, Okay!, Brattata and Blam, in addition to Whaam! and Tex![33] The graphite pencil sketch, Jet Pilot was also from that issue.[34] Several of Lichtenstein's other comics-based works are inspired by stories about Johnny Flying Cloud written by Robert Kanigher and illustrated by Novick, including Okay Hot-Shot, Okay!, Jet Pilot and Von Karp.[28]
Lichtenstein repeatedly depicted aerial combat between the United States and the Soviet Union.[2] In the early and mid-1960s, he produced "explosion" sculptures, taking subjects such as the "catastrophic release of energy" from paintings such as Whaam! and depicting them in freestanding and relief forms.[35] In 1963, he was parodying a variety of artworks, from advertising and comics and to "high art" modern masterpieces by Cézanne, Mondrian, Picasso and others. At the time, Lichtenstein noted that "the things that I have apparently parodied I actually admire."[36]
Lichtenstein's first solo exhibition was held at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City, from 10 February to 3 March 1962. It sold out before its opening.[37] The exhibition included Look Mickey,[38] Engagement Ring, Blam and The Refrigerator.[39] According to the Lichtenstein Foundation website, Whaam! was part of Lichtenstein's second solo exhibition at the Leo Castelli Gallery from 28 September to 24 October 1963, that also included Drowning Girl, Baseball Manager, In the Car, Conversation, and Torpedo...Los![1][37] Marketing materials for the show included the lithograph artwork, Crak![40][41]
The Lichtenstein Foundation website says that Lichtenstein began using his opaque projector technique in 1962.[1] in 1967 he described his process for producing comics-based art as follows:
I do them as directly as possible. If I am working from a cartoon, photograph or whatever, I draw a small picture—the size that will fit into my opaque projector ... I don't draw a picture in order to reproduce it—I do it in order to recompose it ... I go all the way from having my drawing almost like the original to making it up altogether.[42]
Lichtenstein may have substituted this image for the attacking plane from the subsequent issue of DC Comics' All-American Men of War No. 90 (April 1962).
Whaam! was purchased by the Tate Gallery in 1966.[1] In 1969, Lichtenstein donated his initial graphite-on-paper drawing Drawing for 'Whaam! ', describing it as a "pencil scribble".[43] According to the Tate, Lichtenstein claimed that this drawing represented his "first visualization of Whaam! and that it was executed just before he started the painting."[44] Although he had conceived of a unified work of art on a single canvas, he made the sketch on two sheets of paper of equal size—measuring 14.9 cm × 30.5 cm (5.9 in × 12.0 in).[44] The painting has been displayed at Tate Modern since 2006.[45] In 2012–13, both works were included in the largest Lichtenstein retrospective that visited the Art Institute of Chicago, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the Tate Modern in London and the Centre Pompidou.[46][47]
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