Cu is an essential micronutrient and acts as a co-factor in
multiple enzymatic processes but is potentially toxic to aquatic
organisms. While Cu is present in all aquatic environments,
multiple anthropogenic activities may result in elevated con-
centrations, increased exposure, and potential toxicity to aquatic
organisms.However, the concentration ofCu in the aquatic envi-
ronment is not the sole factor dictating the likelihood of adverse
effects. A wealth of studies has demonstrated unequivocally that
complexation of Cu with organic and inorganic ligands as well
as competition with other cations for binding and uptake path-
ways greatly influence Cu toxicity in FW (McGeer et al., 2002;
Paquin et al., 2002; Santore et al., 2001).
Cu is an essential micronutrient and acts as a co-factor inmultiple enzymatic processes but is potentially toxic to aquaticorganisms. While Cu is present in all aquatic environments,multiple anthropogenic activities may result in elevated con-centrations, increased exposure, and potential toxicity to aquaticorganisms.However, the concentration ofCu in the aquatic envi-ronment is not the sole factor dictating the likelihood of adverseeffects. A wealth of studies has demonstrated unequivocally thatcomplexation of Cu with organic and inorganic ligands as wellas competition with other cations for binding and uptake path-ways greatly influence Cu toxicity in FW (McGeer et al., 2002;Paquin et al., 2002; Santore et al., 2001).
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