Hofstede (1980) identified four cultural dimensions:
(1) individualism versus collectivism, which is described as the relationship
between the individual and the group;
(2) power distance, which relates to social structures including relationships with
authority;
(3) masculinity versus femininity, which relates to the social implications of either
gender or social drive; and
(4) uncertainty avoidance, which relates to the ability to deal with uncertainty.
Gray (1988) suggests an extension to Hofstede (1980) arguing that accounting values are
derived from cultural dimensions, which in turn influence accounting systems
(including education and practice). Gray (1988) identified four key accounting
dimensions which were congruent to that of Hofstede (1980):
(1) professionalism versus statutory control, referring to professional judgment and
self-regulation in contrast to regulatory or social compliance;
(2) uniformity versus flexibility, which contrasts the level of enforcement of
standardized accounting practices;
(3) conservatism versus optimism referring to a stringent approach to
measurement, as opposed to a more optimistic approach; and
(4) secrecy versus transparency, referring to confidentiality and the constraint of
disclosure of information as opposed to a more transparent and publicly
accountable approach.
Hofstede (1980) identified four cultural dimensions:(1) individualism versus collectivism, which is described as the relationshipbetween the individual and the group;(2) power distance, which relates to social structures including relationships withauthority;(3) masculinity versus femininity, which relates to the social implications of eithergender or social drive; and(4) uncertainty avoidance, which relates to the ability to deal with uncertainty.Gray (1988) suggests an extension to Hofstede (1980) arguing that accounting values arederived from cultural dimensions, which in turn influence accounting systems(including education and practice). Gray (1988) identified four key accountingdimensions which were congruent to that of Hofstede (1980):(1) professionalism versus statutory control, referring to professional judgment andself-regulation in contrast to regulatory or social compliance;(2) uniformity versus flexibility, which contrasts the level of enforcement ofstandardized accounting practices;(3) conservatism versus optimism referring to a stringent approach tomeasurement, as opposed to a more optimistic approach; and(4) secrecy versus transparency, referring to confidentiality and the constraint ofdisclosure of information as opposed to a more transparent and publiclyaccountable approach.
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