Taking these results together with the learning performance depicted in Table 1, they suggest that the game based learning system was of less value in this type of exploration-based instructional design and, further, that individual differences in spatial cognition should be considered as an important factor when assessing the performance benefits of mobile learning. However, note that these analyses of learning performance do not lend themselves to generalization of other types of learning situations. Indeed, this experimental task intrinsically benefits from active participation and interaction with the real world, but the virtual game-based learning just hinders this social process, instead being directed toward playful and pleasant interaction.