การใช้ to infinitive
การใช้ to infinitive และหน้าที่ของ to infinitive ในทางไวยากรณ์
เราสามารถใช้ to infinitive ในรูปของการกระทำที่กำลังดำเนินอยู่อย่างต่อเนื่อง(continuous), รูปของการกระทำที่สำเร็จสมบูรณ์ (perfect) และรูปของกรรมวาจก (passive) ได้ เช่น
Joe seems to like his course. (รูป to infinitive)
He seems to be settling in well. (to infinitive ในรูป continuous )
He seems to have made a lot of friends. (to infinitive ในรูปของ perfect)
He seems to have been working hard. (to infinitive ในรูปของ perfect continuous)
He seems to be regarded as a good student. (to infinitive ในรูป passive)
He seems to have been awarded excellent marks. (to infinitive ในรูปของ perfect passive)
เช่นเดียวกับ Gerund กล่าวคือ รูปกริยา to infinitive ในทางไวยากรณ์ เราใช้ทำหน้าที่ได้หลายอย่างดังนี้:
1. เป็นกรรมของกริยา เช่น
I want to win.
We intend to complain.
2. เป็นประธานของกริยา เช่น
To fail now would be very frustrating.
To tell the truth can be very difficult.
3. เป็นส่วนเติมเต็ม (complement)โดยวางไว้หลัง linking verb เช่น
To understand is to forgive.
The purpose of this valve is to control the flow.
My plan is to spend two nights in Taipei.
The idea is to meet at 6.30 for dinner.
เราจะใช้รูปกริยา to infinitive เมื่อไหร่?
คำตอบคือ เราสามารถใช้ to infinitive ตามหลัง verbs ต่างๆมากมายหลายคำ เช่น
David and I agreed to meet at 4 o'clock.
I'll arrange to see the dentist straight away.
I hope to go university.
I managed to repair the lock.
I'm going to meet Philip tomorrow.
We intend to move house soon.
I'm longing to see you.
I like to get up early in the mornings.
I'd hate to make a mistake.
I'd love to go to the museum.
Maggie began to cry.
It's starting to rain.
Jane continued to read her novel.
Joe has decided to train as a doctor.
Paul has learnt to swim.
I didn't mean to hurt you.
Mum promised to drive me to the class.
Dad refused to sign the document.
We want to have a meal before the concert.
Try to keep calm.
They seem to approve of my idea.
John appeared to know all the answers.
I hadn't planned to take a holiday just yet.
Dad refused to give me any more money.
Charlie offered to cook dinner for us all.
Did you expect to succeed?
I have (or have got) leave in five minutes.
I've forgotten to bring my passport.
Do you need to change any money?
Did you remember to close the windows?
You deserved to win.
I prefer to write my novels by hand.
I can't bear to cause unhappiness.
We regret to announce that tonight's performance is cancelled.
ในรูปประโยคปฏิเสธ เราเติม not หรือ never ไว้หน้ารูปกริยา to infinitive เช่น
Promise never to tell anyone.
I prefer not to drive at night.
She seemed not to realize her danger.
I managed not to laugh.
Try not to get so angry.
กริยาบางคำ ตามด้วยรูปกรรม (object) ก่อนแล้วจึงตามด้วยรูปกริยา to infinitive เช่น
The travel agency allowed us to change our booking.
Sue asked me to help her.
The policeman told us sto wait.
Anne persuaded me to join her choir.
Remind me to buy more noodles.
We expect you to do your best.
Who taught those girls to dance?
We want you all to concentrate.
I forbid you to use my car.
The captain permitted the passengers to leave the ship.
The doctor advised us to take vitamin pills.
I warned Maggie not to leave money around.
รูปกรรม (object) จะทำหน้าที่เป็นประธาน (subject)ในประโยคกรรมวาจก เช่น
Maggie was warned not to leave any money around.
We were advised by the doctor to take vitamin pills.
You are forbiden to use my car.
รูป verb + for + object (noun or pronoun) + to infinitive เช่น
arrange for: I've arranged for you to see the dentist.
ask for: We asked for our bags to be delivered to our hotel.
long for: I was longing for the lesson to end.
wait for: Wait for me to give the signal.
เราสามารถใช้รูปกริยา to infinitive ตามหลังคำคุณศัพท์ (adjective) บางคำ เช่น
Julie was afraid to cross the road.
I'm so glad to see you.
I'm reluctant to lend you any more money.
I'm sorry to report that we lost the match.
I'm pleased to say the children behaved excellently.
The kids are all keen to be in the team.
I'm determined to get that job.
They were eager to hear the latest news.
I'm so relieved to know the money arrived safely.
Jim was the first to arrive.
Helen was the last to leave.
Dave was the only one to apologize. (Dave was the only one who did apologize)
Dan was likely to win.
We're unlikely to meet again.
I'm sure to see Jane in the next few days.
It's certain to rain tomorrow.
Anne is bound to be late.
I'm liable to forget.
The train's due to leave in two minutes.
You're welcome to come with me.
Mum's willing to help.
Were you able to contact her?
Are you ready to begin?
I'm not prepared to tolerate this misbehaviour.
I was wrong to blame Susie for the mess.
You were lucky to escape!
I was silly to give up.
รูปประธานกลายเป็นกรรม (object) ของ to infinitive
คำนาม หรือ คำสรรพนาม ซึ่งทำหน้าที่เป็นประธานของรูป linking verb (กริยาที่ใช้เชื่อมประโยค) + คำคุณศัพท์ (adjective) สามารถใช้เป็นกรรม (objective) ของกริยา to infinitive ที่ตามมา ในภาคส่วนเติมเต็ม (complement) ของประโยค เช่น
Science programmes are so interesting to watch.
Are these nuts good to eat?
English verbs are not very easy to learn.
Those maths problems were difficult to solve.
These sums are quite simple to do.
The possibilities are frightening to contemplate.
I prefer children as models - they're delightful to paint.
ประธานของ linking verb อาจจะเป็นรูปกรรมของคำบุพบท (preposition) ที่ใช้กับ to infinitive เช่น
This futon is very comfortable to sleep on.
Elizabeth is fascinating to talk to.
She's so entertaining to be with.
adjective + noun + to infinitive เช่น
That's an unusual question to ask.
Who's the best person to consult?
This is a comfortable futon to sleep on.
Elizabeth is a fascinating girl to talk to.
verb + direct object + adjective + noun (indirect object) + to infinitive เช่น
We considered you the right person to appoint.
I found Ruth a delightful companion to travel with.
คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ (adverb) + to infinitive เช่น
Cheerio - I'm off to visit Peter.
Dad was about to serve lunch.
Sam is out to get the top job. (=He's determined to get it)
noun + to infinitive เช่น
I've no desire to be famous.
I felt an inclination to hit him.
We respected Dad's wish to be barried in his native village.
Kate had no ambition to travel the world.
There's no need to apologize.
Jim's decision to retire surprised us all.
There'll be an opportunity to ask questions later.
I need time to think.
John sent me a reminder to book seats.
We waited for the order to advance.
You were a fool not to claim the reward.
ประธาน (subject)เป็นกรรม (object)ของกริยา to infinitive ในภาคเติมเต็ม (complement)ของประโยค
ประธานของกริยาเชื่อม linking verb + คำนาม ใช้เป็นกรรม (object) ของกริยา to infinitive (หรือ กริยา to infinitive + preposition) ในภาคเติมเต็มของประโยค เช่น
Your cooking is always a pleasure to sample.
These children are a delight to teach.
Cricket is such a bore to take part in.
The games must be a nightmare to organize.
คำนาม + กริยา to infinitive เช่น
I phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport.
Here's a pill to help you sleep.
We employed a guide to lead us up the mountain.
Have you got a video to keep the children quiet?
Take a book to read in case you get bored.
Bring a mat to sit on.
We've got a problem to discuss.
I've a sin to confess.
คำสรรพนามที่ไม่ชี้เฉพาะเจาะจง (indefinite pronouns) และคำบอกปริมาณที่ไม่ชี้เฉพาะเจาะจง (indifinite quantifiers) ถูกใช้บ่อยๆกับรูปกริยา to infinitive เพื่อแสดงความรู้สึกถึงวัตถุประสงค์ (expressing purpose) เช่น
Have you all got something to eat?
I've got nothing to wear.
Isn't there anything else to watch?
We have plenty to get on with.
The children get lots to do on the farm.
Have you any goods to declare?
Is there anywhere to talk privately?
โครงสร้างที่มีรูปกริยา to infinitive มักจะขึ้นต้นประโยคด้วยรูปประโยคคือ It is, It was เป็นต้น ตามด้วย คำคุณศัพท์ (adjective) หรือคำนาม (noun)
(It is (หรือ was, เป็นต้น) + adjective หรือ noun + to infinitive)
It's silly to argue.
It was kind of you to visit my mother.
It was stupid of me not to note the time.
It's a priviledge to work with you.
It would be a shame to give up now.
It's my ambition to write a best-seller.
It's my plan to finish most of the work by the end of June.
It's nice to be home.
It's never a good idea to go without sleep.
Is it time to leave?
It's important to plan your day in advance.
It's sensible to check in early.
It was a pleasure to meet you.
It will be a good opportunity to see Hong Kong.
บทบาทของคำบุพบท for เมื่อใช้กับ to infinitive
I've arranged for the furniture to go into storage.
I asked for the date to be changed.
โครงสร้างเดียวกันนี้ตามด้วยคำนาม หรือ คำคุณศัพท์บางคำ เช่น
The idea is for everyone to stay at our house.
It's a great opportunity for us to