Abstract
Current attitudes toward organ donation among university students in mainland China and the differences in attitudes between Chinese students in mainland China versus overseas are unknown. To address these issues, we conducted a cross-sectional survey using questionnaires among 922 Chinese undergraduates from mainland China and overseas regions of the world. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Student t tests, chi-square tests, and a logistic regression analysis. We found that blood donors showed significantly better awareness of heart, liver, lung, skin, and tendon donation among commonly transplanted organs/tissues. As to the willingness for cadaveric organ donation, 61.3% of respondents consented, 8.5% objected, and 30.3% answered “not sure.” The percentage holding an organ donor card was 15.7% among students from Hong Kong; 3.0%, mainland China; 2.8%, Macau; 2.6%, Taiwan, and 4.0%, other regions of the world. In a logistic regression analysis, female students (odds ratio [OR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35 to 3.72) and blood donors (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.10 to 3.32) did, but age and study specialty (medical vs nonmedical) did not show significantly more positive attitudes toward cadaveric organ donation. Compared with students from mainland China, overseas Chinese students from various regions did not show significantly different attitudes toward cadaveric organ donation. In summary, blood donors among university students have a greater knowledge of transplantation and a more positive attitude toward organ donation. Since university students are an important source of blood donors in China, they will be a potential pool of organ donors in the future.
Despite rapid advances in organ transplantation, the shortage of organs continues to raise a worldwide endeavor to increase the rate of donation. In Asia, the cadaveric donation rate is below 5 per million population (PMP) per year, compared with 10 to 34 PMP in Western countries.1 In Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, transplantation laws were put into effect during 1987, 1995, and 1996, respectively.2 In mainland China, however, a national transplantation law hasn’t been established.3 The first local transplant regulations in mainland China were issued in Shenzhen in 2003.4
Chinese students, from either mainland China or overseas regions, have been raised under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, although the economic and social backgrounds of these regions vary. Socioeconomic status has been observed to be strongly related to willingness to become a cadaveric organ donor.5 However, the differences in attitudes toward organ donation between Chinese students from mainland China and overseas regions have not been explored. A study in Hong Kong showed that blood donors were more willing to donate their organs than the general public.6 In mainland China, university students are generally considered an important source of blood donors. To the best of our knowledge, the attitudes toward organ donation among university students in China are unknown. To address these issues, we conducted a survey on this topic.
Methods
Half of the about 24,000 full-time university students were enrolled from all over the Chinese mainland, with the rest of the subjects from Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and other regions of the world. The participating subjects were all undergraduates majoring in various specialties. Since overseas students of the university were more likely to be in the medical school, we balanced the proportion of mainland to overseas students by relatively heavily sampling medical students. All subjects in the study were of Chinese ethnicity.
A questionnaire with multiple-choice questions consisted of 24 items regarding demographics, knowledge of transplantation, and attitudes toward organ donation. In October 2005, the questionnaires were distributed to volunteer students during break time of mandatory classes. After appropriate instructions were given by the investigators, the questionnaires were completed anonymously on site and collected at the end of the lectures.
Demographic data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Student t tests and chi-square tests were used to examine differences between blood donors and non–blood donors. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors that significantly influenced respondents’ willingness to donate organs after death. We calculated multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). All tests were two-tailed with a statistical significance level of .05.
Results
Demographics
Among 1050 questionnaires distributed to volunteer students in various majors, 952 were returned. We eliminated 30 questionnaires with missing information. The remaining 922 valid questionnaires were used for analysis. Table 1 shows the demographic data of the respondents. Thirty-four percent of the students had previously donated blood. Of all study participants, 50.2% were from mainland China, 25.6% Hong Kong, 11.8% Macau, 4.2% Taiwan, and 8.1% other regions of the world. Their mean age was 20.8 ± 1.9 (standard deviation [SD]) year, ranging from 16 to 37 years. About half of them (45.4%) were men with 46.3%, medical students.
บทคัดย่อเจตคติบริจาคอวัยวะต่างทัศนคติระหว่างนักเรียนจีนในจีนแผ่นดินใหญ่เมื่อเทียบกับต่างประเทศและนักศึกษามหาวิทยาลัยในจีนแผ่นดินใหญ่ในปัจจุบันจะไม่รู้จัก เพื่อแก้ไขปัญหาเหล่านี้ เราทำการสำรวจเหลวโดยใช้แบบสอบถามระหว่างสูง ๆ 922 จีนจากจีนแผ่นดินใหญ่และต่างภูมิภาคของโลก มีวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล ด้วยสถิติพรรณนา การทดสอบ t ของนักเรียน ทดสอบ chi-square และการวิเคราะห์ถดถอยโลจิสติก เราพบว่า ผู้บริจาคเลือดแสดงให้เห็นว่ารับรู้ดีขึ้นอย่างมีนัยสำคัญของหัวใจ ตับ ปอด ผิวหนัง และเอ็นบริจาคระหว่างอวัยวะ/เนื้อเยื่อทั่วไป transplanted เป็นความตั้งใจในการบริจาคอวัยวะ cadaveric, 61.3% ของผู้ตอบ ยินยอม 8.5% objected และ 30.3% ตอบ "ไม่แน่ใจว่า" เปอร์เซ็นต์ที่ถือบัตรการบริจาคอวัยวะได้ 15.7% ระหว่างนักเรียนจาก Hong Kong 3.0% จีนแผ่นดินใหญ่ 2.8% มาเก๊า 2.6% ไต้หวัน และ 4.0% ภูมิภาคอื่น ๆ ของโลก ในการวิเคราะห์ถดถอยโลจิสติก นักเรียนหญิง (อัตราส่วนราคา [OR], 2.24 ความเชื่อมั่น 95% ช่วง [CI], 1.35-3.72) และผู้บริจาคโลหิต (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.10-3.32) ไม่ ได้ แต่อายุ และการศึกษาพิเศษ (nonmedical vs แพทย์) ได้แสดงเจตคติ cadaveric อวัยวะบริจาคเพิ่มมากขึ้นอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ เมื่อเทียบกับนักศึกษาจากจีนแผ่นดินใหญ่ นักเรียนจีนต่างประเทศจากภูมิภาคต่าง ๆ ไม่ได้แสดงเจตคติบริจาคอวัยวะ cadaveric แตกต่างกันอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ ในสรุป ผู้บริจาคเลือดในหมู่นักศึกษามหาวิทยาลัยมีความรู้มากกว่าปลูกและทัศนคติที่เป็นบวกมากขึ้นต่อการบริจาคอวัยวะ เนื่องจากนักศึกษามหาวิทยาลัยเป็นแหล่งสำคัญของผู้บริจาคเลือดในจีน พวกเขาจะเป็นสระว่ายน้ำเป็นไปได้ของผู้บริจาคอวัยวะในอนาคตDespite rapid advances in organ transplantation, the shortage of organs continues to raise a worldwide endeavor to increase the rate of donation. In Asia, the cadaveric donation rate is below 5 per million population (PMP) per year, compared with 10 to 34 PMP in Western countries.1 In Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, transplantation laws were put into effect during 1987, 1995, and 1996, respectively.2 In mainland China, however, a national transplantation law hasn’t been established.3 The first local transplant regulations in mainland China were issued in Shenzhen in 2003.4Chinese students, from either mainland China or overseas regions, have been raised under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, although the economic and social backgrounds of these regions vary. Socioeconomic status has been observed to be strongly related to willingness to become a cadaveric organ donor.5 However, the differences in attitudes toward organ donation between Chinese students from mainland China and overseas regions have not been explored. A study in Hong Kong showed that blood donors were more willing to donate their organs than the general public.6 In mainland China, university students are generally considered an important source of blood donors. To the best of our knowledge, the attitudes toward organ donation among university students in China are unknown. To address these issues, we conducted a survey on this topic.MethodsHalf of the about 24,000 full-time university students were enrolled from all over the Chinese mainland, with the rest of the subjects from Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and other regions of the world. The participating subjects were all undergraduates majoring in various specialties. Since overseas students of the university were more likely to be in the medical school, we balanced the proportion of mainland to overseas students by relatively heavily sampling medical students. All subjects in the study were of Chinese ethnicity.A questionnaire with multiple-choice questions consisted of 24 items regarding demographics, knowledge of transplantation, and attitudes toward organ donation. In October 2005, the questionnaires were distributed to volunteer students during break time of mandatory classes. After appropriate instructions were given by the investigators, the questionnaires were completed anonymously on site and collected at the end of the lectures.Demographic data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Student t tests and chi-square tests were used to examine differences between blood donors and non–blood donors. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors that significantly influenced respondents’ willingness to donate organs after death. We calculated multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). All tests were two-tailed with a statistical significance level of .05.ResultsDemographicsAmong 1050 questionnaires distributed to volunteer students in various majors, 952 were returned. We eliminated 30 questionnaires with missing information. The remaining 922 valid questionnaires were used for analysis. Table 1 shows the demographic data of the respondents. Thirty-four percent of the students had previously donated blood. Of all study participants, 50.2% were from mainland China, 25.6% Hong Kong, 11.8% Macau, 4.2% Taiwan, and 8.1% other regions of the world. Their mean age was 20.8 ± 1.9 (standard deviation [SD]) year, ranging from 16 to 37 years. About half of them (45.4%) were men with 46.3%, medical students.
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Abstract
Current attitudes toward organ donation among university students in mainland China and the differences in attitudes between Chinese students in mainland China versus overseas are unknown. To address these issues, we conducted a cross-sectional survey using questionnaires among 922 Chinese undergraduates from mainland China and overseas regions of the world. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Student t tests, chi-square tests, and a logistic regression analysis. We found that blood donors showed significantly better awareness of heart, liver, lung, skin, and tendon donation among commonly transplanted organs/tissues. As to the willingness for cadaveric organ donation, 61.3% of respondents consented, 8.5% objected, and 30.3% answered “not sure.” The percentage holding an organ donor card was 15.7% among students from Hong Kong; 3.0%, mainland China; 2.8%, Macau; 2.6%, Taiwan, and 4.0%, other regions of the world. In a logistic regression analysis, female students (odds ratio [OR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35 to 3.72) and blood donors (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.10 to 3.32) did, but age and study specialty (medical vs nonmedical) did not show significantly more positive attitudes toward cadaveric organ donation. Compared with students from mainland China, overseas Chinese students from various regions did not show significantly different attitudes toward cadaveric organ donation. In summary, blood donors among university students have a greater knowledge of transplantation and a more positive attitude toward organ donation. Since university students are an important source of blood donors in China, they will be a potential pool of organ donors in the future.
Despite rapid advances in organ transplantation, the shortage of organs continues to raise a worldwide endeavor to increase the rate of donation. In Asia, the cadaveric donation rate is below 5 per million population (PMP) per year, compared with 10 to 34 PMP in Western countries.1 In Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, transplantation laws were put into effect during 1987, 1995, and 1996, respectively.2 In mainland China, however, a national transplantation law hasn’t been established.3 The first local transplant regulations in mainland China were issued in Shenzhen in 2003.4
Chinese students, from either mainland China or overseas regions, have been raised under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, although the economic and social backgrounds of these regions vary. Socioeconomic status has been observed to be strongly related to willingness to become a cadaveric organ donor.5 However, the differences in attitudes toward organ donation between Chinese students from mainland China and overseas regions have not been explored. A study in Hong Kong showed that blood donors were more willing to donate their organs than the general public.6 In mainland China, university students are generally considered an important source of blood donors. To the best of our knowledge, the attitudes toward organ donation among university students in China are unknown. To address these issues, we conducted a survey on this topic.
Methods
Half of the about 24,000 full-time university students were enrolled from all over the Chinese mainland, with the rest of the subjects from Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and other regions of the world. The participating subjects were all undergraduates majoring in various specialties. Since overseas students of the university were more likely to be in the medical school, we balanced the proportion of mainland to overseas students by relatively heavily sampling medical students. All subjects in the study were of Chinese ethnicity.
A questionnaire with multiple-choice questions consisted of 24 items regarding demographics, knowledge of transplantation, and attitudes toward organ donation. In October 2005, the questionnaires were distributed to volunteer students during break time of mandatory classes. After appropriate instructions were given by the investigators, the questionnaires were completed anonymously on site and collected at the end of the lectures.
Demographic data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Student t tests and chi-square tests were used to examine differences between blood donors and non–blood donors. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors that significantly influenced respondents’ willingness to donate organs after death. We calculated multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). All tests were two-tailed with a statistical significance level of .05.
Results
Demographics
Among 1050 questionnaires distributed to volunteer students in various majors, 952 were returned. We eliminated 30 questionnaires with missing information. The remaining 922 valid questionnaires were used for analysis. Table 1 shows the demographic data of the respondents. Thirty-four percent of the students had previously donated blood. Of all study participants, 50.2% were from mainland China, 25.6% Hong Kong, 11.8% Macau, 4.2% Taiwan, and 8.1% other regions of the world. Their mean age was 20.8 ± 1.9 (standard deviation [SD]) year, ranging from 16 to 37 years. About half of them (45.4%) were men with 46.3%, medical students.
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