5. Conclusion
Avipel1 seed treatments (a.i. 9,10-anthraquinone) effectively conditioned avoidance of treated seeds among Canada
geese, red-winged blackbirds, and ring-necked pheasants in captivity. Our laboratory efficacy data and our predicted
threshold concentrations provide a reliable basis for planning future field applications of anthraquinone-based
bird repellents for protection of agricultural crops, property, and related natural resources. Field efficacy studies
designed to maintain threshold repellent concentrations throughout the period of needed repellency are necessary
for registration of anthraquinone-based repellents for managing agricultural depredation caused by wild birds.