The infection of CE in the liver was detected by counting the number of parasitic lesions macroscopically visible on and within the liver tissue. The tissues selected methods in this study was according to the references reported by Gottstein et al. [21] and Wang et al. [23]. In E. granulosus infected sheep, the liver tissue was removed and approximately 100 mm3-sized periparasitic liver tissue blocks (close to the lesion by 5mm, avoiding the contamination by par-asitic E. granulosus tissue/cells and correspondingly involved infiltrating host immune cells) were dissected, while control samples in healthy sheep were taken from the same liver lobe. Tis-sue blocks were directly deep-frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to long-term storage at -80°Cuntil RNA extraction.