Conclusion
This study demonstrated that indirect heating systems did
not impact bird welfare, flock performance or Campylobacter
levels. However, the significant differences in litter quality,
carbon dioxides concentrations and bird stress responses
associated with farm management practices have implications
for optimal poultry production. Campylobacter was
more likely to establish itself in broilers in the later stages
of flock life (≥22 days) than in young birds regardless of
heating system. Factors such as thinning and/or breaches
in biosecurity are also critical factors in the onset of Campylobacter
infection.