DEFINITIONS OF LANGUAGE
“Language is A human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/languageterm.htm )
"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols."
(Edward Sapir, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921)
"A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates."
(B. Bloch and G. Trager, Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Waverly Press, 1942)
"Language is the mother of thought, not its handmaiden."
(Karl Kraus)
OTHER DEFINITIONS OF LANGUAGE
Language as communication system is thought to be fundamentally different from and of much higher complexity than those of other species as it is based on complex system of rules relating symbols to their meanings, resulting in an indefinite number of possible innovative utterances from a finite number of elements.
The word “language” has at least two basic meaning : language as a general concept, and “ a language.
CHARACTERISTIC OF LANGUAGE
You have heard the use of the word “dialect” before, to be sure. Most times its usage is in reference to a variation of a language used in a select group of speakers. Here are 10 characteristics to help you identify a dialect:
1. Can be identified by variation of grammar
2. Can be identified by variation of vocabulary
3. Can be identified by variation of prosody
4. Can be identified by variation of sentence structure
5. Can be identified by variation of figures of speech
6. Variance of parent language by social class of speakers
7. Variance of parent language by region inhabited by speakers
8. Likely will not have its own written literature
9. Likely speakers will not have state or nation of their own
10. Likely region-specific for speakers
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE
Ø Mental faculty, organ or instinct
One definition sees language primarily as the mental faculty that allows humans to undertake linguistic behaviour: to learn languages and to produce and understand utterances. This definition stresses the universality of language to all humans and it emphasizes the biological basis for the human capacity for language as a unique development of the human brain. Proponents of the view that the drive to language acquisition is innate in humans often argue that this is supported by the fact that all cognitively normal children raised in an environment where language is accessible will acquire language without formal instruction.
Ø Formal symbolic system
Another definition sees language as a formal system of signs governed by grammatical rules of combination to communicate meaning. This definition stresses that human languages can be described as closed structural systems consisting of rules that relate particular signs to particular meanings. This structuralist view of language was first introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, and his structuralism remains foundational for most approaches to language today.
Some proponents of this view of language have advocated a formal approach which studies language structure by identifying its basic elements and then by formulating a formal account of the rules according to which the elements combine in order to form words and sentences. The main proponent of such a theory is Noam Chomsky, the originator of the generative theory of grammar, who has defined language as a particular set of sentences that can be generated from a particular set of rules. Chomsky considers these rules to be an innate feature of the human mind and to constitute the essence of what language is. Formal definitions of language are commonly used in formal logic, in formal theories of grammar, and in applied computational linguistics.
Ø Tool for communication
Yet another definition sees language as a system of communication that enables humans to cooperate. This definition stresses the social functions of language and the fact that humans use it to express themselves and to manipulate objects in their environment. Functional theories of grammar explain grammatical structures by their communicative functions, and understand the grammatical structures of language to be the result of an adaptive process by which grammar was "tailored" to serve the communicative needs of its users.
Ø unique
Human language is unique in comparison to other forms of communication, such as those used by non-human animals. Communication systems used by other animals such as bees or non-human apes are closed systems that consist of a closed number of possible things that can be expressed.
Origin
ข้อกำหนดของภาษา"ภาษาคือ ระบบที่มนุษย์สื่อสารที่ใช้สัญญาณที่กำหนด เช่นเสียงเสียง ท่าทาง หรือเขียนสัญลักษณ์ (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/languageterm.htm)"ภาษาเป็นมนุษย์เพียงอย่างเดียว และไม่ใช่ภาวะบอบบางวิธีการสื่อสารความคิด อารมณ์ และความต้องการโดยวิธีของต่างผลิตสัญลักษณ์"(Sapir เอ็ดเวิร์ด ภาษา: บทนำของคำพูด ฮาร์คอร์ท วงเล็บปีกกา และ บริษัท 1921)"ภาษาเป็นระบบสัญลักษณ์ vocal ที่กำหนด โดยที่กลุ่มสังคมร่วมมือ"(Trager กรัม และเม็ดเลือดขาวบีเค้าวิเคราะห์ภาษาศาสตร์ กดดส ปี 1942)"ภาษาคือ คุณแม่คิดว่า ไม่เป็น handmaiden"(คาร์ล Kraus)ข้อกำหนดอื่น ๆ ของภาษาภาษาเป็นระบบการสื่อสารความคิดได้ความแตกต่างกันจาก และความสลับซับซ้อนสูงกว่าพันธุ์อื่น ๆ ที่อยู่ในระบบที่ซับซ้อนของกฎที่เกี่ยวกับสัญลักษณ์ความหมายของ ผลได้ไม่จำกัดจำนวน utterances นวัตกรรมที่ได้จากองค์ประกอบจำนวนจำกัดคำว่า "ภาษา" มีความหมายพื้นฐานน้อยสอง: ภาษาตามแนวคิดทั่วไป และ "ภาษาลักษณะของภาษาคุณเคยได้ยินใช้ในคำ "ภาษา" ก่อน เพื่อให้แน่ใจ ครั้งส่วนใหญ่การใช้อ้างอิงถึงรูปแบบของภาษาที่ใช้ในกลุ่มที่เลือกของลำโพงได้ นี่คือลักษณะ 10 เพื่อช่วยคุณระบุเป็นภาษา:1. สามารถระบุรูปแบบของไวยากรณ์2. Can be identified by variation of vocabulary3. Can be identified by variation of prosody4. Can be identified by variation of sentence structure5. Can be identified by variation of figures of speech6. Variance of parent language by social class of speakers7. Variance of parent language by region inhabited by speakers8. Likely will not have its own written literature9. Likely speakers will not have state or nation of their own10. Likely region-specific for speakersOTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGEØ Mental faculty, organ or instinctOne definition sees language primarily as the mental faculty that allows humans to undertake linguistic behaviour: to learn languages and to produce and understand utterances. This definition stresses the universality of language to all humans and it emphasizes the biological basis for the human capacity for language as a unique development of the human brain. Proponents of the view that the drive to language acquisition is innate in humans often argue that this is supported by the fact that all cognitively normal children raised in an environment where language is accessible will acquire language without formal instruction.Ø Formal symbolic systemAnother definition sees language as a formal system of signs governed by grammatical rules of combination to communicate meaning. This definition stresses that human languages can be described as closed structural systems consisting of rules that relate particular signs to particular meanings. This structuralist view of language was first introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure, and his structuralism remains foundational for most approaches to language today.Some proponents of this view of language have advocated a formal approach which studies language structure by identifying its basic elements and then by formulating a formal account of the rules according to which the elements combine in order to form words and sentences. The main proponent of such a theory is Noam Chomsky, the originator of the generative theory of grammar, who has defined language as a particular set of sentences that can be generated from a particular set of rules. Chomsky considers these rules to be an innate feature of the human mind and to constitute the essence of what language is. Formal definitions of language are commonly used in formal logic, in formal theories of grammar, and in applied computational linguistics.
Ø Tool for communication
Yet another definition sees language as a system of communication that enables humans to cooperate. This definition stresses the social functions of language and the fact that humans use it to express themselves and to manipulate objects in their environment. Functional theories of grammar explain grammatical structures by their communicative functions, and understand the grammatical structures of language to be the result of an adaptive process by which grammar was "tailored" to serve the communicative needs of its users.
Ø unique
Human language is unique in comparison to other forms of communication, such as those used by non-human animals. Communication systems used by other animals such as bees or non-human apes are closed systems that consist of a closed number of possible things that can be expressed.
Origin
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
