The third assumption is that states can never be certain about the intentions of other
states. States ultimately want to know whether other states are determined to use force to
alter the balance of power (revisionist states), or whether they are satisfied enough with it
that they have no interest in using force to change it (status quo states). The problem, however,
is that it is almost impossible to discern another state’s intentions with a high degree
of certainty. Unlike military capabilities, intentions cannot be empirically verified.
Intentions are in the minds of decision-makers and they are especially difficult to discern.