What I am proposing here is that the global may not be all-consuming and invasive, just as the local
viewed in terms of the nation may not always be the victim of global forces. In fact, the nation has
historically been the perpetrator of global hegemony through the expansion of empire, geopolitical
influence, and capitalist ideology (Chatterjee, 1986). This relativized correlation between the global and
the local is especially true in situations where the global sphere may offer opportunities for opposition or
resistance to the hegemonic power exerted by the nation on its subjects. This is the point argued by
Valverde (2002) in her study of the transnational linkages between Vietnamese Americans and
Vietnamese nationals which I discussed earlier. As a Vietnamese American herself, Valverde contends
that the transnational links with Viet Nam constructed through remittances, music, and Internet virtual
communities, allowed the Vietnamese-American community to contest three structural forces or what she
terms "the triple domination paradigm":