Infectious gangrene
Bacterial multiplication and production of exotoxins require low oxygen tension. The precise role of exotoxins is not entirely clear, although it appears that alpha-toxin is the most important. Alpha-toxin is a metalloenzyme that causes cell destruction by hydrolysis of components of the cell membrane. By this mechanism, it can cause lysis of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, and muscle cells. It is also thought that this enzyme has C-protein activity.
Infection starts with tissue contamination of post-traumatic or post-operative wounds by Clostridium spores. Local wound conditions are more important than the level of clostridial contamination in determining the progression of the condition. Necrotic tissue provides the necessary environment for spore germination; the presence of tissue enzymes and a low oxidation/reduction potential have key roles in this step. Spreading local necrosis of muscle and subcutaneous fat, and thrombosis of blood vessels, create an environment ideal for continued bacterial multiplication. Tissue oedema may further compromise blood supply. Fermentation of glucose is probably the main mechanism of gas production. [20]
Ischaemic gangrene
Atherosclerosis underlies most peripheral arterial disease. Narrowed blood vessels cannot supply sufficient blood flow to leg muscles and may cause claudication. Atheromatous plaques contain a necrotic core within the arterial intima, consisting of foam cells, cellular debris, and lipids (mainly cholesterol), covered over by a protective cap. Shear forces of the circulating blood or spontaneous rupture can disrupt this protective cap, causing embolisation of the cholesterol crystals and inducing thrombogenesis, further reducing blood flow. [17] Critical tissue ischaemia is characterised clinically by rest pain, chronic wounds, or tissue necrosis (typically found on the toes). [9] Hypercoagulable states can give rise to large thrombi, which can occlude prominent blood vessels and cause extensive gangrene. Drugs such as cocaine (a powerful sympathomimetic) can cause severe vasospasm sufficient to produce gangrene. [11]
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens is a rare condition, in which there is total or near-total obstruction of venous drainage from a limb. Pain, oedema, cyanosis, and ischaemia from reduced blood flow ensue, and unless the obstruction is relieved the condition can progress to a form of gangrene known as venous gangrene.
Infectious gangrene
Bacterial multiplication and production of exotoxins require low oxygen tension. The precise role of exotoxins is not entirely clear, although it appears that alpha-toxin is the most important. Alpha-toxin is a metalloenzyme that causes cell destruction by hydrolysis of components of the cell membrane. By this mechanism, it can cause lysis of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, and muscle cells. It is also thought that this enzyme has C-protein activity.
Infection starts with tissue contamination of post-traumatic or post-operative wounds by Clostridium spores. Local wound conditions are more important than the level of clostridial contamination in determining the progression of the condition. Necrotic tissue provides the necessary environment for spore germination; the presence of tissue enzymes and a low oxidation/reduction potential have key roles in this step. Spreading local necrosis of muscle and subcutaneous fat, and thrombosis of blood vessels, create an environment ideal for continued bacterial multiplication. Tissue oedema may further compromise blood supply. Fermentation of glucose is probably the main mechanism of gas production. [20]
Ischaemic gangrene
Atherosclerosis underlies most peripheral arterial disease. Narrowed blood vessels cannot supply sufficient blood flow to leg muscles and may cause claudication. Atheromatous plaques contain a necrotic core within the arterial intima, consisting of foam cells, cellular debris, and lipids (mainly cholesterol), covered over by a protective cap. Shear forces of the circulating blood or spontaneous rupture can disrupt this protective cap, causing embolisation of the cholesterol crystals and inducing thrombogenesis, further reducing blood flow. [17] Critical tissue ischaemia is characterised clinically by rest pain, chronic wounds, or tissue necrosis (typically found on the toes). [9] Hypercoagulable states can give rise to large thrombi, which can occlude prominent blood vessels and cause extensive gangrene. Drugs such as cocaine (a powerful sympathomimetic) can cause severe vasospasm sufficient to produce gangrene. [11]
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens is a rare condition, in which there is total or near-total obstruction of venous drainage from a limb. Pain, oedema, cyanosis, and ischaemia from reduced blood flow ensue, and unless the obstruction is relieved the condition can progress to a form of gangrene known as venous gangrene.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

Infectious gangrene
Bacterial multiplication and production of exotoxins require low oxygen tension. The precise role of exotoxins is not entirely clear, although it appears that alpha-toxin is the most important. Alpha-toxin is a metalloenzyme that causes cell destruction by hydrolysis of components of the cell membrane. By this mechanism, it can cause lysis of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, fibroblasts, and muscle cells. It is also thought that this enzyme has C-protein activity.
Infection starts with tissue contamination of post-traumatic or post-operative wounds by Clostridium spores. Local wound conditions are more important than the level of clostridial contamination in determining the progression of the condition. Necrotic tissue provides the necessary environment for spore germination; the presence of tissue enzymes and a low oxidation/reduction potential have key roles in this step. Spreading local necrosis of muscle and subcutaneous fat, and thrombosis of blood vessels, create an environment ideal for continued bacterial multiplication. Tissue oedema may further compromise blood supply. Fermentation of glucose is probably the main mechanism of gas production. [20]
Ischaemic gangrene
Atherosclerosis underlies most peripheral arterial disease. Narrowed blood vessels cannot supply sufficient blood flow to leg muscles and may cause claudication. Atheromatous plaques contain a necrotic core within the arterial intima, consisting of foam cells, cellular debris, and lipids (mainly cholesterol), covered over by a protective cap. Shear forces of the circulating blood or spontaneous rupture can disrupt this protective cap, causing embolisation of the cholesterol crystals and inducing thrombogenesis, further reducing blood flow. [17] Critical tissue ischaemia is characterised clinically by rest pain, chronic wounds, or tissue necrosis (typically found on the toes). [9] Hypercoagulable states can give rise to large thrombi, which can occlude prominent blood vessels and cause extensive gangrene. Drugs such as cocaine (a powerful sympathomimetic) can cause severe vasospasm sufficient to produce gangrene. [11]
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens is a rare condition, in which there is total or near-total obstruction of venous drainage from a limb. Pain, oedema, cyanosis, and ischaemia from reduced blood flow ensue, and unless the obstruction is relieved the condition can progress to a form of gangrene known as venous gangrene.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
