Energy transfer deals with the transfer of energy from one body
to another and is one of the central processes to life in the universe.
Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion which has
application areas including phase transition, fluid flow, chemical
reaction, corrosion, thermal devices, microscopic organisms, physics,
cosmology, fluid mechanics, and chemical cells. Chemicals,
metals, and other materials in nature are produced by means of
thermodynamic processes. Such thermodynamic processes have
attracted attention in the multidisciplinary fields, and intensive
and extensive research has been conducted for developing a reliable
theory to describe thermodynamic processes, which include
heat, work, and chemical energy transfer