Based on a review of all relevant evidence, GINA now recommends that an early increase in ICS dose should
be advised in action plans, either by prescribing the ICS/formoterol maintenance and reliever regimen, or by a
short-term increase in the dose of maintenance ICS/formoterol, or by adding an extra ICS inhaler. The
rationale for these recommendations included the following considerations. Most exacerbations are
characterised by increased inflammation [60, 61]; studies with doubling ICS comprise most of the strong
evidence base that continues to support recommendations for asthma self-management and written asthma
action plans [62]; action plans which include both increased ICS (usually doubling) and oral corticosteroids
(OCS) consistently improve health outcomes but there is little evidence for benefit when OCS alone is
recommended [63]; the risk of severe exacerbations is reduced by short-term treatment with quadrupled doses
of ICS [64], quadrupled doses of budesonide/formoterol [65], or by a small but very early increase in ICS/
formoterol with the maintenance and reliever regimen [66–68]; poor adherence with controller medications is
a common precipitating factor for exacerbations [69] (adherence by community patients is often around 25%
of the prescribed dose [69, 70]); the observed behaviour of people with asthma is to increase their use of
controller late in the development of an exacerbation [71], and patients are known to delay seeking medical
care through fear of side-effects of OCS [72]. With regard to the placebo-controlled studies themselves, the
participants were required to be highly adherent with medications, visits and daily diaries, with adherence with
maintenance medication of 97–98% in one study [56]); published timeline data revealed that study inhalers
were not started until symptoms and airflow limitation had worsened for an average of 4–5 days [56, 57].
Further studies are needed to investigate patient attitudes and behaviours that influence use, delay or
avoidance of maintenance medications and action plan recommendations when asthma worsens [71], and
about ways of enhancing the delivery and use of written asthma action plans.
Based on a review of all relevant evidence, GINA now recommends that an early increase in ICS dose shouldbe advised in action plans, either by prescribing the ICS/formoterol maintenance and reliever regimen, or by ashort-term increase in the dose of maintenance ICS/formoterol, or by adding an extra ICS inhaler. Therationale for these recommendations included the following considerations. Most exacerbations arecharacterised by increased inflammation [60, 61]; studies with doubling ICS comprise most of the strongevidence base that continues to support recommendations for asthma self-management and written asthmaaction plans [62]; action plans which include both increased ICS (usually doubling) and oral corticosteroids(OCS) consistently improve health outcomes but there is little evidence for benefit when OCS alone isrecommended [63]; the risk of severe exacerbations is reduced by short-term treatment with quadrupled dosesof ICS [64], quadrupled doses of budesonide/formoterol [65], or by a small but very early increase in ICS/formoterol with the maintenance and reliever regimen [66–68]; poor adherence with controller medications isa common precipitating factor for exacerbations [69] (adherence by community patients is often around 25%of the prescribed dose [69, 70]); the observed behaviour of people with asthma is to increase their use ofcontroller late in the development of an exacerbation [71], and patients are known to delay seeking medicalcare through fear of side-effects of OCS [72]. With regard to the placebo-controlled studies themselves, theparticipants were required to be highly adherent with medications, visits and daily diaries, with adherence withmaintenance medication of 97–98% in one study [56]); published timeline data revealed that study inhalerswere not started until symptoms and airflow limitation had worsened for an average of 4–5 days [56, 57].Further studies are needed to investigate patient attitudes and behaviours that influence use, delay oravoidance of maintenance medications and action plan recommendations when asthma worsens [71], andabout ways of enhancing the delivery and use of written asthma action plans.
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