A) FRUSTRATION - stress due to any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted. Frustration is usually short-lived, but some frustrations can be source of major stress:
1) failures - we all fail. But, if we set unrealistic goals, or place too much emphasis on obtaining certain successes, failure can be devastating.
2) Losses - deprivation of something that you once had and considered a "part" of your life. Can result in tremendous stress.
B) CONFLICT - two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression. When faced with multiple motivations or goals, you must chose and this is where the problems/conflict arise.
Studies have indicated that the more conflict a person experiences, the greater the likelihood for anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms. There are 3 major types of conflicts:
1) Approach-Approach: a choice must be made between two attractive goals. You may want both, but can only have one. For example, "Since I don't have to work today, should I play basketball or golf? Do I go out for pizza or Chinese food?" Mmmmm...pizza!
This type of conflict is the least demanding and least damaging. You rarely collapse at a restaurant because you can't decide between the lobster and the steak.
2) Avoidance-Avoidance: a choice must be made between two unattractive goals. "Caught between a rock and a hard place."
These conflicts are usually very unpleasant and highly stressful.
3) Approach-Avoidance: choice must be made to pursue a single goal that has both positive and negative aspects. For example, asking someone on a date.
This type of conflict often produces VACILLATION: going and back and forth in decision making.
Studies have shown that even animals vacillate.
Miller (1959) concluded, "in trying to resolve an approach-avoidance conflict, one should focus more on decreasing avoidance motivation than on increasing approach motivation."
So, if you have a friend who is vacillating over whether to ask someone on a date, you should downplay the negative aspects of possible rejection rather than dwelling on how much fun the date could be if only...
C) CHANGE - life changes are noticeable alterations in one's living circumstances that require adjustment.
1) Holmes & Rahe (1967) - developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life changes. They found that, after interviewing thousands of people, while BIG changes like death of a loved one are very stressful, small life changes have tremendous effects.
Studies using the SRRS have indicated that people with higher scores tend to be more vulnerable to many different physical and psychological illnesses.
Further studies have found that the scale measures a wide range of experiences that may result in stress as opposed to just measuring "life-changes".
D) Pressure - expectations or demands that one must behave in a certain way. For example, I am under pressure to perform in very specific ways when I am in front of a class as the "teacher".
A) FRUSTRATION - stress due to any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted. Frustration is usually short-lived, but some frustrations can be source of major stress:1) failures - we all fail. But, if we set unrealistic goals, or place too much emphasis on obtaining certain successes, failure can be devastating.2) Losses - deprivation of something that you once had and considered a "part" of your life. Can result in tremendous stress.B) CONFLICT - two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression. When faced with multiple motivations or goals, you must chose and this is where the problems/conflict arise.Studies have indicated that the more conflict a person experiences, the greater the likelihood for anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms. There are 3 major types of conflicts:1) Approach-Approach: a choice must be made between two attractive goals. You may want both, but can only have one. For example, "Since I don't have to work today, should I play basketball or golf? Do I go out for pizza or Chinese food?" Mmmmm...pizza!This type of conflict is the least demanding and least damaging. You rarely collapse at a restaurant because you can't decide between the lobster and the steak.2) Avoidance-Avoidance: a choice must be made between two unattractive goals. "Caught between a rock and a hard place."These conflicts are usually very unpleasant and highly stressful.3) Approach-Avoidance: choice must be made to pursue a single goal that has both positive and negative aspects. For example, asking someone on a date.This type of conflict often produces VACILLATION: going and back and forth in decision making.Studies have shown that even animals vacillate.Miller (1959) concluded, "in trying to resolve an approach-avoidance conflict, one should focus more on decreasing avoidance motivation than on increasing approach motivation."So, if you have a friend who is vacillating over whether to ask someone on a date, you should downplay the negative aspects of possible rejection rather than dwelling on how much fun the date could be if only...C) CHANGE - life changes are noticeable alterations in one's living circumstances that require adjustment.1) Holmes & Rahe (1967) - developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life changes. They found that, after interviewing thousands of people, while BIG changes like death of a loved one are very stressful, small life changes have tremendous effects.Studies using the SRRS have indicated that people with higher scores tend to be more vulnerable to many different physical and psychological illnesses.Further studies have found that the scale measures a wide range of experiences that may result in stress as opposed to just measuring "life-changes".D) Pressure - expectations or demands that one must behave in a certain way. For example, I am under pressure to perform in very specific ways when I am in front of a class as the "teacher".
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