cathode varies. At the cathode, a constricted arc attachment
causes much more localized heating and melting. The
temperature of the molten material from the cathode is
higher than that from the anode. Accordingly, and due to
the Eo¨ tvo¨ s rule (surface tension decreases with increased
temperature), the droplets initiated from the cathode are
smaller than the ones initiated from the anode. The higher
temperature of the extruded metal sheet at the cathode
could also be the reason for the dominance of nonaxisymmetric
liquid metal breakup at the cathode.