In practice, the USA had been experimenting with development – the State intervening to ‘steer’, rather than relying on laissez-faire progress – since the 1930s or earlier. For example, between 1933 and 1936 the Tennessee Valley Authority included resource management, environmental care and social improvement efforts, and in pursuit of these orchestrated state, federal and private resources. The Marshal Plan after the Second World War can also be seen as a thought-out development programme. In Europe and its colonies there were also efforts at planned development, and some environmental awareness.