The forest as a learning arena - an outdoor classroom
The students’ motivation, personal interest and previous
experience are all essential to learning outcomes [16, 18].
Making learning pleasurable increases motivation and
effort, which improves learning outcomes. Sensations
through outdoor experiences can affect learning, stimulation
and motivation [22]. Nature and other local outdoor
venues are “opportunity spaces” for impulses, experiences,
physical actions, activities and learning by experience and
discovery [16]. Vygotsky's teaching philosophy is based on
four concepts: interaction, collaboration tools, characters,
and space and creativity [16]. This can be understood as a
creative environment with various tools, interpreted as
nature’s opportunities. Vygotsky argues that impressions
and impulses from the outdoors emerge as a basis for
individual experiences followed by reflection and the
extension of abstract understanding. However, learning requires
teachers’ recognition of students’ pre-understanding
and local affiliation