indicate the original raw digital numbers value in the TM/ETM+ mid-infrared and thermal infrared bands; and is soil adjusted factor, ranging in between 0 and 1. In this case, we choose 0.5 to avoid the influence of different backgrounds.
After image classification, a 3 x 3 majority filter is applied in order to eliminate the salt-and-pepper noise to improve classification accuracy (Wang et al., 2015).