Wahlberg et al.’s (2005) study of butterfly relationships was also the first study that combined morphological data for a broad sample (12 subfamilies) of Nymphalidae along with the three genes also used by Wahlberg et al. (2003). Interestingly, the analyses of molecular data only (parsimony and Bayesian alike) failed to recover Nymphalidae as a monophyletic entity, with particularly Libytheinae and Danainae being hard to place. Neither of the molecular-only analyses had the remaining nymphalid taxa as a clade either. The analyses of combined data did recover Nym-phalidae as monophyletic, but did not provide conclusive either to the positions of Libytheinae and Danainae, or to the interrelation-ships of the remaining taxa.