These issues have led researchers to suggest that a more useful way
of understanding proactivity is in terms of a dimension that is distinct from in-role and extra-role
behavior (and the related dimension of task/ contextual performance). Thus, all types of
performance – whether they are defined as task, conceptual, citizenship, or extra-role – can be
carried out more or less proactively (Crant, 2000; Grant & Ashford, 2008; Griffin et al., 2007).
From this perspective, there is no need to confine proactive behavior to be citizenship or extra-role
behavior, and not all extra-role or citizenship behavior is proactive