population, but may be partially caused or exacer- bated by workplace exposures (WHO 1985). The last few decades have seen a rise in the number of studies indicating that type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascu- lar diseases (CVD) are likely to be multifactorial work-related diseases associated with the duration and time of working hours (Vyas et al. 2012; Gan et al. 2014; Kivim€aki et al. 2015).The drive for productivity and the increasing requirements to provide 24-hour services has resulted in a move away from the traditional 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. working pattern. In the UK, 15% of the working pop- ulation are employed in jobs that require shift work (ONS 2011). The number of employees working night shifts increased by 9% between 2011 and 2016, with the caring and protection services being the highest employers of night workers in the UK (TUC 2017). In Canada, where the prevalence of shift work is 33%, it is estimated that the population attributable risk of shift work to coronary events is 7.3% (Vyas et al. 2012). Therefore, as the UK shift work population is set to increase, it is important to understand how shift work influences health. Despite the European Working Time Directive (2003/88/EC) aiming to limit working hours to an average of 48 hours per week, UK employees work some of the longest weekly hours in Europe (Smith 2017). The proportion of UK employ- ees working over 40 hours and 48 hours per week is estimated to be 44% and 13%, respectively (BIS 2014).Diet is well established as a key factor in the aetiol- ogy of cardiometabolic disease development (Ezzati & Riboli 2013) and central to the management and pri- mary prevention of T2D and CVD (Diabetes UK 2011; NICE 2014). Given the observed health dispari- ties associated with time and duration of working hours, better understanding is needed about the influ- ence of this occupational exposure on dietary beha- viour. This review summarises the current research and future directions in the field of working hours and nutritional research.