We provide novel data on the biology of Proceratophrys melanopogon and describe its larval
external morphology and internal oral features on the basis of specimens from the Serra do Mar, southeastern
Brazil. We also review the larval internal oral features of the genus, including descriptions and comparisons
with P. cururu and P. moratoi. The external morphology of tadpoles of P. melanopogon is very similar to that
of closely related species. The internal oral features are very conserved in this genus, with the majority of
species having lingual papillae unusually bifurcated, four infralabial papillae, and a transverse ridge on the
prenarial arena. Our results also provide data for phylogenetic studies on the genus Proceratophrys.