Cadmium is an established carcinogen [2], also known to cause
respiratory, kidney and bone disease in highly polluted environments, including occupational settings [1, 9]. The findings
from this systematic review support that cadmium is associated
with cardiovascular disease in general populations exposed to
low-to-moderate levels of cadmium exposure. The association
was similar for both men and women, although it was not
significant for women. The association for never smokers was
suggestive but not significant. The number of studies with
stroke, HF and PAD endpoints was small and more studies
are needed, especially prospective studies ascertaining incident
outcomes