One item was asked regarding the proportion of employees who participate
in formal job training provided by the company (training, hereafter).
Four items were asked to measure employment security policy (employment
security, hereafter), reliability among these items was .79. Three items were
asked to measure the performance appraisal aspect (performance appraisal,
hereafter), and the reliability was .71. In order to measure the degree of
internal promotion, one item was asked regarding the proportion of vacancies
filled from outside the company, except in cases of newly built departments
or entry-level recruitment over the past 3 years (reversed, internal
staffing, hereafter). Questions were asked regarding the proportion of
employees who can access the suggestion system (suggestion, hereafter), and
the formal grievance system (grievance, hereafter).