Nevertheless, to our best knowledge, there is still poor understanding of health risks in haze periods and non–haze
periods due to air pollutants exposure in China. Thus, in the present work, the levels and health–risks of pollutants (PM10, NO2, and SO2) in haze and non–haze periods in Shanghai has been investigated through risk–based approach and the new information about the relationship between health risks and air pollution in Shanghai, which may have implications for local environmental and social policies.